Selenium in serum

Turner J, Hill SJ. Evans EH, Fairman B (1999) The use of ETV-ICP-MS for the determination of selenium in serum. J Anal Atomic Spectrom (JAAS) 14 121-126. 

H. T. Delves, C. E. Sieniawska, Simple method for the accurate determination of selenium in serum by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 12 (1997), 387-389. 

Lalonde L, Jean Y, Roberts D, et al. 1982. Flourometry of selenium in serum or urine. Clin Chem 28 172-174. 

Oster O, Prellwitz W. 1982. A methodological comparison of hydride and carbon furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy for the determination of selenium in serum. Clin Chim Acta 124 277-291. 

Saeed, K., Thomassen, Y. and Langmyhr, F.J. (1979). Direct electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric determination of selenium in serum. Anal. Chim. Acta, 110, 285. 

Nixon, D. E., Moyer, T. P., and Burritt, M. F. (1999), The determination of selenium in serum and urine by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry comparison with Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Spectrochim.Acta, Part B 54(6), 931. 

Korpela, H., Kumpulainen, J., Luoma, P.V., Arranto, A.J. and Sotaniemi, E.A. (1985). Decreased serum selenium in alcoholics as related to liver structure and function. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 42, 147-151. 

Valimaki, M.J., Harju, K.J. and Ylikahri, R.H. (1983). Decreased serum selenium in alcoholics - a consequence of liver dysfunction. Clin. Chim. Acta 130, 291-296. 

Selenomethionine group had altered immune function, altered serum enzyme activities, and elevated concentrations of selenium in liver (4 times control values) and breast muscle (14 times). Sodium selenite-treated birds had normal immune function and selenium tissue burdens however, serum enzyme activity was disrupted in the 3.5 mg/L group Adults normal. Impaired reproduction (reduced survival of ducklings, increased developmental abnormalities) for selenomethionine occurs between 4 and 8 mg/kg ration selenocysteine did not impair reproduction at 16 mg Se/kg ration... 

Dierenfeld, E.S. and D.A. Jessup. 1990. Variation in serum of alpha-tocopherol, retinol, and selenium of free-ranging mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). Jour. Zoo Wildl. Medic. 21 425-432. 

Probably the most effective use of XRF and TXRF continues to be in the analysis of samples of biological origin. For instance, TXRF has been used without a significant amount of sample preparation to determine the metal cofactors in enzyme complexes [86]. The protein content in a number of enzymes has been deduced through a TXRF of the sulfur content of the component methionine and cysteine [87]. It was found that for enzymes with low molecular weights and minor amounts of buffer components that a reliable determination of sulfur was possible. In other works, TXRF was used to determine trace elements in serum and homogenized brain samples [88], selenium and other trace elements in serum and urine [89], lead in whole human blood [90], and the Zn/Cu ratio in serum as a means to aid cancer diagnosis [91]. 

Accurate determination of the biological important element, selenium, in blood serum by isotope dilution analysis using ICP-QMS with octopole collision cell (Agilent 7500ce, Tokio, Japan) is described by Schaumloffel and coworkers.55 A recovery of selenium from human serum reference material was only 78 % when hydrogen was applied as collision gas but 96.7 % using xenon as a non-reactive collision gas to eliminate isobaric interferences. A detection limit of 3.3p,gl-1 was achieved.55... 

A serum-free medium supplemented with insulin, transferrin, ethanolamine and selenium (ITES) allows growth of certain hy-bridomas at 17-74% the rate found with 15% FBS (Wolpe, 1984) and Cleveland et al. (1983) devised a protein-free medium for growth of myeloma cells which, with addition of BSA at 2.5 mg/ml, forms the basis of Costar s SF-1 and SF-X supplemented media. Cloning is still very difficult in serum-free media, but feeder layers can be replaced by culture supernatants from human endothelial cells (HECS Astaldi, 1983) or Ewing s sarcoma cells (ESG Ley et al., 1980) — see 5.8.5. 

L. H. Reyes, J. M. M. Gayon, J. I. G. Alonso, A. Sanz-Medel, Quantitative speciation of selenium in human serum by affinity chromatography coupled to post-column isotope dilution analysis ICP-MS, J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 18 (2003), 11-16. 

Few simple direct procedures exist for the measurement of selenium in body tissues and fluids using ETA—AAS. Severe matrix and molecular absorption interferences usually require some form of separation procedure to be used. Saeed et al. [70] recently reported an excellent method for measuring Se in 20 pi volumes of serum. The samples were diluted with 20 pi volumes of 0.1% Ag or Ni nitrate solutions, which effected some degree of matrix modification prior to direct analysis by ETA—AAS. The Ag or Ni... 

Recknagel, S., Bratter, P., Tomiak, A., Rosick, U. Determination of selenium in blood serum by ICP-OES including an on-line wet digestion and Se-hydride formation procedure. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 346, 833-836 (1993)... 

The concentrations of selenium in whole blood and in plasma and/or serum are related to dietary intake. About 50% to 60% of the total plasma selenium is present as the protein selenoprotein P, a highly basic protein having multiple histidine residues and about 10 atoms of selenium per molecule, Around 30% of plasma selenium is present as glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx-3) and the remainder is incorporated into albumin as selenomethionine. ... 

The reference interval for selenium in whole blood, plasma or serum, hair, and nails should be established locally, since these indices are affected by dietary selenium intake. Plasma selenium adult values lie in the interval 63 to 160pg/L (0.8 to 2.0pmol/L). Values of less than 40 pg Se per L (0.5pmoI/L) indicate probable selenium depletion. 

Direct determination of selenium in human blood serum and plasma by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. J Trace Elem Med Biol 1995 9 74-81. 

Harrison I, Littlejolm D, Fell GS. Distribution of selenium in human blood plasma and serum. Analyst 1996 121 189-94. 

An examination of thyroid hormone levels in lactating women residing in areas of Venezuela with high levels of selenium in the soil (selenium intake ranged from 250 to 980 pg per day as estimated from selenium content of breast milk) revealed a significant decrease in serum T3 levels, as compared with... 

No significant alterations in serum T4 or TSH levels or correlations with selenium intake were found. 

Selenium supplementation has been shown to affect type-I-deiodinase activity in male rats (Behne et al. 1992 Eder et al. 1995 Hotz et al. 1997). Exposure to 0.055 or 0.27 mg selenium/kg/day as sodium selenite in food for 40 days produced a significant decrease (approximately 50%) in serum levels of T3 and a nonsignificant reduction in type-I-deiodinase activity compared with rats receiving 0.009 or 0.026 mg selenium/kg/day (Eder et al. 1995). Exposure to 0.27 mg selenium/kg/day did not produce any other adverse signs, such as weight loss or decreased food consumption, and serum T4 levels were similar in all groups. 

Data from animal studies suggest that exposure to excessive selenium has adverse effects on testosterone levels and sperm production and increases the percentage of abnormal sperm (El-Zarkouny et al. 1999 Kaur and Parshad 1994 NTP 1994). A significant reduction (49%) in serum testosterone levels was reported for New Zealand White rabbits gavaged with 0.3 mg selenium/kg (0.001 mg selenium/kg/day) as sodium selenite once a week for 6 weeks (El-Zarkouny et al. 1999). The percentage of spermatozoa without an acrosome was also increased in treated rabbits compared with controls, but the difference was not significant. Sperm motility, ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, and total sperm output were all reduced by selenium treatment, but statistical analysis of these data was not presented. 

Dermal absorption was tested in eight women at a maximum dose of 0.0029 mg selenium/kg as selenomethionine (0.05% L-selenomethionine in a lotion). No detectable increase in serum selenium concentrations was observed but because the concentrations tested were so low, absorption cannot be ruled out (Burke et al. 1992a). Absorption of selenium disulfide was examined using a monthly 24-hour urine specimen in 16 persons who washed their hair weekly with a 1% selenium disulfide shampoo. No differences were found from control urinary selenium levels over the 1-year exposure period (Cummins and Kimura 1971). No absorption of selenium from selenium sulfide was seen in 15 persons who applied a 2.5% selenium sulfide suspension to their torsos and allowed it to remain on the body overnight (Kalivas 1993). 

There is a rapid decline in serum selenium levels 1 hour after intravenous administration of sodium selenite or sodium selenate to humans (Burk 1974 Nelp and Blumberg 1965). Burk (1974) found that 50% of the plasma selenium was protein-bound within the first 2 hours after administration 85% was bound within 4-6 hours after administration and 95% was bound after 24 hours. Circulating alpha-2 globulins have been reported to have the greatest affinity for selenium (Hirooka and Galambos 1966a). Burk (1974) found that lipoproteins, primarily the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) fractions, were also involved in selenium binding. 

---