Selectins E-selectin

Selectins include P-selectin (platelet selectin), E-selectin (endothelial cell selectin), and L-selectin (leukocyte selectin). P-selectin enables binding of platelets, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and monocytes to activated endothelial cells and of leukocytes to activated platelets. P-selectin is expressed in the kidneys in systemic lupus erythematosis [266, 267]. The up-regulation of P-selectin expression in glomerui following binding of anti-GBM antibody may be an... 

Adhesion molecules are a wide variety of molecules that can potentially be measured as a way of assessing the adherence of leukocytes and/or platelets or other adhesive proteins to the endothelial matrix. Some are receptors. Some of the examples include PECAM-1 (platelet-endothelial adhesion molecule 1), P-selectin, e-selectin, and VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule i). At times, the receptor itself is measured but often it is a soluble portion that circulates that is the ligand. At present, there are no standardized assays and no reference interval studies or consistent assay validations. 

In the first adhesion step of the leukocytes extravasation process, selectins (including L-selectin, E-selectin, and P-selectin), along with heparan sulfate PGs,... 

Frequently, the EAR is followed by a late phase response 4-6 h later and it is caused by the pulmonary sequestration of eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells, and T-lymphocytes. This leukocyte recruitment depends on mast cell-derived mediators such as TNFa and various chemokines, as well as on the expression of adhesion molecules on leukocytes (e.g. VLA-4, CD11/18) and vascular endothelial cells (e.g. VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin). Products of these leukocytes have several functions First, they cause the second phase of bron-choconstriction, mucus secretion, and airway swelling second, they cause tissue destruction third, they launch and entertain the chronic inflammation. 

CD163 (Scavenger receptor) Adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, E-selectin)... 

Figure 47-10. Schematic diagram of the structure of human L-selectin. The extracellular portion contains an amino terminal domain homologous to C-type lectins and an adjacent epidermal growth factor-like domain. These are followed by a variable number of complement regulatory-like modules (numbered circles) and a transmembrane sequence (blackdiamond). A short cytoplasmic sequence (open rectangle) is at the carboxyl terminal. The structures of P- and E-selectin are similar to that shown except that they contain more complement-regulatory modules.The numbers of amino acids in L-, P-, and E- selectins, as deduced from the cDNA sequences, are 385,789, and 589, respectively. (Reproduced, with permission, from Bevilacqua MP, Nelson RM Selectins. J Clin Invest 1993 91 370.)...

Oxidatively modified LDL up-regulates the surfece expression of VCAM-1 and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in cultured endothelial cells, promoting the interactions between both cell types (Kume et al., 1992). This may play a pivotal role in the development of atherosclerosis by promoting the penetration of circulating monocytes into the suben-dothelial space whilst inhibiting the mobility of resident macrophages. It has been previously demonstrated that ICAM-1, E-selectin, and VCAM-1 are up-regulated in the microvasculature of rheumatoid but not control synovium (Corkill et al., 1991 Koch et al., 1991). The association between ox-LDL and increased expression of adhesion molecules in the inflamed synovium has yet to be studied. 

EPA Eicosapentaenoic acid EpDIF Epithelial-derived inhibitory factor also known as epithelium/derived relaxant fector EPO Eosinophil peroxidase EPOR Erythropoietin receptor EPR Effector cell protease EPX Eosinophil protein X ER Endoplasmic reticulum ERCP Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography E-selectin Endothelial selectin formerly known as endothelial leucocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1)... 

D30. Drake, T. A., Cheng, J., Chang, A. C., and Taylor, F. B., Expression of tissue factor, thrombomodulin, and E-selectin in baboons with lethal Escherichia coli sepsis. Am. J. Pathol. 142, 1458-1470(1993). 

R2. Rainger, E. S., Wautier, M. P., Nash, G. B., and Wautier, J. L., Prolonged E-selectin induction by monocytes potentiates the adhesion of flowing neutrophil to cultured endothelial cells. Br. J. Haematol. 92,192-199 (1996). 

Bennett, B.L., Cruz, R., Lacson, R.G. and Manning, A.M. (1997) Interleukin-4 suppression of tumor necrosis factor alpha-stimulated E-selectin gene transcription is mediated by STAT6 antagonism of NF-kappaB. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, 10212-10219. 

Haraldsen, G., Kvale, D., Lien, B., Farstad, I.N. and Brandtzaeg, P. (1996) Cytokine-regulated expression of E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (IGAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VGAM-1) in human microvascular endothelial cells. Journal of Immunology 156, 2558-2565. 

Garcfa-Martfnez MC, Labios M, Hermenegildo C, Tarfn JJ, O Connor E, Cano A (2004) The effect of hormone replacement therapy on Ca2+ mobilization and P-selectin (CD62P) expression in platelets examined under flow cytometry. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 15 1-8... 

Hwang SJ, Ballantyne CM, Sharrett AR, Smith LC, Davis CE, Gotto AM Jr, Boerwinkle E (1997) Circulating adhesion molecules VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and E-selectin in carotid atherosclerosis and incident coronary heart disease cases the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) study. Circulation 96 4219-4225... 

A Compound P-selectin (IC50 mM) L-selectin (IC50 mM) E-selectin (IC50 mM)... 

A similar approach was used in the synthesis of the sialyl Lewis X mimetics of type 85 (Scheme 13.22).66 Protein crystallization,67 conformational studies of sLex in solution68 and in bound form to E- and P-selectin69 as well as the study of structure-function relationships70,71 gave information about the functional groups of the sLex-epitope essential for the binding to the selectins. Synthesized mimetics must contain the three essential hydroxyl functions of the fucose. Sialic acid, galactose, and... 

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