Sediments organotins

CRM462 Coastal sediment - organotin compounds Certified values for tributyltin and dibutyltin... 

TBT, being an organotin compound, is of particular importance for sediment samples, as this species is the main component in anti-fouling paints for boats, and thus can be found in substantial amounts in harbour and estuarine sediments. Organotin compounds also accumulate in mussels, and organotin speciation can be carried out using similar methods for both types of samples. ... 

A number of extensive reviews have concluded that there are no data suggesting the presence of octyltin compounds in water or in sediment in the environment, despite numerous monitoring studies for organotin compounds (GC, 1993 KemI, 2000 Summer et al., 2003). No additional data have been found. 

Berg M, Arnold CG, Muller SR, Muhlemann J, Schwarzenbach RP (2001) Sorption and desorption behavior of organotin compounds in sediment-pore water systems. Environmental Science and Technology, 35(15) 3151-3157. 

Langston, W.J., Bnrt, G.R., and Mingjiang, Z. (1987). Tin and organotin in water, sediments, and benthic organisms of Poole Harbour. Marine Pollution Bulletin 18, 634—639. 

Quevauviller Ph, Donard OFX (1991) Organotin stability during storage of marine waters and sediments. Fresenius J Anal Chem 339 6-14. 

Bayona JM (1995) Development of supercritical fluid extraction procedures for the determination of organotin compounds in sediment. In Quevauviller Ph, Maier EA, and Griepink B, eds. Quality assurance for environmental analysis, pp 465-487. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 

A sensitive determination of organotin compounds in sediments is based on separation of the chlorides R SnCl4- , n = 1-3, R = Me, n-Bu, Ph, by GC-FPD or GC-ECD using a DB-608 open tubular column with HC1 doping of the carrier gas LOD 30 ng Sn/g of sediment77. A modification of this method uses GC-FPD with DB-1 capillary column and a 611.5 nm filter. The column requires special pretreatment with an HBr/EtOAc solution78. 

Organotin levels of the sediments, especially in tributyltin, are found to be very high compared with those of waters. It has been shown that Bu3Sn+, like other organometallics, is adsorbed rapidly by marine and other sediments. The sediment therefore represents a sink for Bu3Sn+ leached from the antifouling coating of boats. 

The relative toxicity of organotin compounds to alga Scenedesmus obliquus is shown in Table 12. Pettibone and Cooney investigated the toxicity of methyltins (MMT MeSnCl3 DMT Me2SnCl2 and TMT Me3SnCl) to microbial populations in estuary sediments in... 

In aquatic environments, organotin concentrations were elevated in sediments, biota, and surface water microlayers collected near marinas, aquaculture rearing pens, and other facilities where organotin-based antifouling paints were used. In some cases, organotin concentrations in the water... 

Tin concentrations in water, air, soils, sediments, and other nonbiological materials are documented, but information is scarce except for aquatic systems (Maguire 1991 Table 8.6). In aquatic systems, several trends were evident. First, tin and organotin compounds tend to concentrate in... 

Determination of the persistence and mobility of organotin compounds — especially in aquatic abiotic materials, such as sediments, sediment interstitial waters, suspended particulates, and the water column — and on the partitioning of these compounds between the surface microlayer and subsurface waters (Wilkinson 1984 Thompson et al. 1985). 

Dawson, PH., D. Pershke, J.M. Bubb, and J.N. Lester. 1992. Spatial distribution of organotins in sediments of lowland river catchments. Environ. Pollut. 76 259-266. 

Harino, H., M. Fukushima, Y. Yamamoto, S. Kawai, and N. Miyazaki. 1998. Organotin compounds in water, sediment, and biological samples from the Port of Osaka, Japan. Arch, Environ, Contam, Toxicol. 35 558-564. 

Waldock, MJ. and J.E. Thain. 1983. Shell thickening in Crassostrea gigas organotin antifouhng or sediment induced Mar. Pollut. Bull. 14 41 I -415. 

There are many references to the speciation of organotin compounds (particularly butyltin compounds) in marine sediments (see below), when compounds Uu Snk4 are separated by GLC or HPLC and analyzed by mass spectroscopy (MS),56 sometimes with isotope dilution.57-59... 

This technique has been applied to the determination of arsenic, selenium, organocompounds of arsenic, mercury and tin in soils, carbohydrates, total sulphur, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, selenium and organocompounds of mercury, tin and silicon in non-saline sediments, arsenic, bismuth, selenium or organotin compounds in saline sediments and arsenic and selenium in sludges. 

Aliphatic hydrocarbons, triazine, substituted urea type and phenoxyacetic acid types of herbicides, Fluazifop and Fluazifop-butyl herbicides, ethylene diamine tetracetic acid salts in soil, aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, phthalate esters, various organosulphur compounds, triazine herbicides, optical whiteners, mixtures of organic compounds and organotin compounds in non-saline sediments, aromatic hydrocarbons, humic and fulvic acids and mixtures of organic compounds in saline sediments and non-ionic surfactants and cobalamin in sludges. 

This technique has been used for the determination of polychlorobiphenyls, polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorodibenzofurans, alkyl phosphates, chlorinated insecticides, organophosphorus insecticides, triazine herbicides. Dacthal insecticide, insecticide/herbicide mixtures, mixtures of organic compounds and organotin compounds in soils, and polyaromatic compounds, polychlorobiphenyls, chlorinated insecticides and organotin compounds in non-saline sediments and anionic surfactants in sludges. 

This technique has been applied to the determination of aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, chloroaliphatic compounds, haloaromatic compounds, acrylonitrile, acetonitrile, mixtures of organic compounds and tetrahydrothiophene in soils, chloroaliphatic and haloaromatic compounds and organotin compounds in non-saline sediments, and organotin compounds in saline sediments. 

Lobinski et al. [72] optimized conditions for the comprehensive speciation of organotin compounds in soils and sediments. They used capillary gas chromatography coupled to helium microwave induced plasma emission spectrometry to determine mono-, di-, tri- and some tetraalkylated tin compounds. Ionic organotin compounds were extracted with pentane from the sample as the organotin-diethyldithiocarbamate complexes then converted to their pentabromo derivatives prior to gas chromatography. The absolute detection limit was 0.5pg as tin equivalent to 10-30pg kg-1. 

Hattori [77] extracted alkyl and alkyltin compounds from sediments with methanoic hydrochloric acid and then, following mixture with sodium chloride and water, the mixture was extracted with benzene and converted to hydrides with sodium borohydride and analysed by gas chromatography using an electron capture detector. Down to 0.02mg kg 1 organotin compounds in sediments could be determined with a recovery of 70-95%. 

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