Organotin in sediment

Dawson, PH., D. Pershke, J.M. Bubb, and J.N. Lester. 1992. Spatial distribution of organotins in sediments of lowland river catchments. Environ. Pollut. 76 259-266. 

The MT biomarkers in flounder liver correlate with gradient of contamination in both sediment and fish (Fig. 3, Fig. 4). This may be an indicator of specific stress by organotins, although the expected correlation was not found for metals such as Zn and Cd. Surprisingly, there was a good correlation between the concentration of MT and chemical exposure to total organotin in sediment (r =0.7304). In a few studies it has been shown that, in fish, detoxification of TBT is induced by metalloproteins (Kawano et al., 1996 Padros et al., 2000). 

Specific chapters then focus on different projects on speciation analysis. Chapter 4 deals with interlaboratory studies on methylmercury in fish and sediment Chapter 5 describes the collaborative projects to certify organotins in sediment RMs and mussel tissues Chapter 6 gives an overview of the certification project on trimethyllead in simulated rainwater and urban dust Chapter 7 describes the certification project on arsenic species in fish tissues Chapter 8 focuses on the intercomparison and tentative certification of Se(IV) and Se(VI) in simulated freshwater Chapter 9 deals with a feasibility study to stabilize Cr species in solution followed by the certification of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in lyophilized solutions and welding dust Chapter 10 gives a review of methods used for A1 speciation Chapter 11 develops the overall collaborative project to standardize single and sequential extraction procedures for soil and sediment analysis, followed by interlaboratory studies and certification of soil and sediment reference materials. 

Microwave-assisted extraction has become one of the most widely applied techniques for organotins in sediments and biota. The important concept for effective speciation is the use of a low power micro-wave field (e.g. 50-100 W). Microwave digestion is commonly employed for total tin analysis where... 

A number of extensive reviews have concluded that there are no data suggesting the presence of octyltin compounds in water or in sediment in the environment, despite numerous monitoring studies for organotin compounds (GC, 1993 KemI, 2000 Summer et al., 2003). No additional data have been found. 

Berg M, Arnold CG, Muller SR, Muhlemann J, Schwarzenbach RP (2001) Sorption and desorption behavior of organotin compounds in sediment-pore water systems. Environmental Science and Technology, 35(15) 3151-3157. 

Langston, W.J., Bnrt, G.R., and Mingjiang, Z. (1987). Tin and organotin in water, sediments, and benthic organisms of Poole Harbour. Marine Pollution Bulletin 18, 634—639. 

Bayona JM (1995) Development of supercritical fluid extraction procedures for the determination of organotin compounds in sediment. In Quevauviller Ph, Maier EA, and Griepink B, eds. Quality assurance for environmental analysis, pp 465-487. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 

A sensitive determination of organotin compounds in sediments is based on separation of the chlorides R SnCl4- , n = 1-3, R = Me, n-Bu, Ph, by GC-FPD or GC-ECD using a DB-608 open tubular column with HC1 doping of the carrier gas LOD 30 ng Sn/g of sediment77. A modification of this method uses GC-FPD with DB-1 capillary column and a 611.5 nm filter. The column requires special pretreatment with an HBr/EtOAc solution78. 

In aquatic environments, organotin concentrations were elevated in sediments, biota, and surface water microlayers collected near marinas, aquaculture rearing pens, and other facilities where organotin-based antifouling paints were used. In some cases, organotin concentrations in the water... 

Hattori [77] extracted alkyl and alkyltin compounds from sediments with methanoic hydrochloric acid and then, following mixture with sodium chloride and water, the mixture was extracted with benzene and converted to hydrides with sodium borohydride and analysed by gas chromatography using an electron capture detector. Down to 0.02mg kg 1 organotin compounds in sediments could be determined with a recovery of 70-95%. 

Lobinski et al. [78] speciated organotin compounds in sediment samples by capillary gas chromatography using helium microwave induced plasma emission spectrometry as a detector. They used the procedure to determine mono-, di- and tri- and some tetraalkylated tin compounds in sediments. 

Tin concentrations have been reported in sewage sludge from 23 United States cities ranging from 11 to 1,300 mg/kg (Mumma et al. 1984). Organotin concentrations in sediments from the Detroit and St. Clair Rivers ranged from not detected to 0.036 mg/kg (Maguire et al. 1985). 

Methylmercury species in sediment samples were speciated in a study by Hintelman et al. [89]. Detection limits were 1 pg (as Hg) in dry sediment samples. Organomercury compounds, along with organotin and organolead compounds, were also separated in another study by Prange and Jantzen [90]. Detection limits were three orders of magnitude lower than those reported previously in the literature. A quartz transfer line was used in this study. 

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