Sediment, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Zebiihr et al. (29) developed an automated system for determining PAHs, PCBs and PCDD/Fs by using an aminopropyl silica column coupled to a porous graphitic carbon column. This method gives five fractions, i.e. aliphatic and monoaromatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PCBs with two or more ortho-chlorines, mono-ort/io PCBs, and non-ortho PCBs and PCDD/Fs. This method employed five switching valves and was successfully used with extracts of sediments, biological samples and electrostatic filter precipitates. 

Sediment pollution. The concentrations of pollutants in the dated sediment cores have been determined in our laboratory by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Donazzolo et al. (15) and Pavoni et al. (16) reported mainly heavy metal concentrations. Marcomini et al. (17) and Pavoni et al. (18) discussed the concentration profiles of organic pollutants such as chlorinated hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Hydrocarbons. In other publications the historical trend of organic pollutant concentrations, namely polychlorinated biphenys (PCBs), chlorinated pesticides DDT and metabolites DDE, DDD, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), have been reconstructed. For this purpose the sediments of the core sampled in the Lagoon area close to the industrial district were employed (16,17). 

The environmental occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is mainly associated with dispersion of oil products and with various types of combustion. For these chemicals a kind of pre-industrial background exists, due to forest fires or to domestic wood burning. The sediments of the deepest strata were certainly deposited in the nineteenth century, when no significant industrial activities had been initiated. The ratio between PAH concentrations found in the sediments dated to this century, and the deepest ones, vary from 1.7 to 30, increasing from the beginning of the... 

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Herbes SE, LR Schwall (1978) Microbial transformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pristine and petroleum-contaminated sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 35 306-316. 

Heitkamp MA, CE Cerniglia (1989) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation by a Mycobacterium sp. in microcosms containing sediment and water from a pristine ecosystem. Appl Environ Microbiol 55 1968-1973. 

Coates JD, J Woodward, J Allen, P Philip, DR Lovley (1997) Anaerobic degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkanes in petroleum-contaminated marine harbor sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 3589-3593. 

CRMs for Contaminants in Environmental Matrices For nearly two decades NIST has been involved in the development of SRMs for the determination of organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and chlorinated pesticides in natural environmental matrices such as fossil fuels (Hertz et al.1980 Kline et al. 1985), air and diesel particulate material (May and Wise 1984 Wise et al. 2000), coal tar (Wise et al. 1988a), sediment (Schantz et al. 1990, 1995a Wise et al. 1995), mussel tissue (Wise et al. 1991 Schantz et al. 1997a), fish oil, and whale blubber (Schantz et al. 1995b). Several papers have reviewed and summarized the development of these environmental matrix SRMs (Wise et al. 1988b Wise 1993 Wise and Schantz 1997 Wise et al. 2000). Seventeen natural matrix SRMs for the determination of organic contaminants are currently available from NIST with certified and reference concentrations primarily for PAHs, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofiirans (PCDFs) see Table 3.11. 

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Ten Hulscher, T.E.M., van der Velde, L.E., Bruggeman, W.A. (1992) Temperature dependence of Henry s law constants for selected chlorobenzenes, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11, 1595-1603. Ten Hulscher, T.E.M., Vrind, B., Van den Heuvel, H., van Noort, P., Govern, H. (2003) Influence of desorption and contact time on sediment of spiked polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons relationship with in situ distribution. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 22, 1208-1211. 

Van Hoof, P.L., Kukkonen, J.V.K., Landrum, P.F. (2001) Impact of sediment manipulation on the bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from field-contaminated and laboratory-dosed sediments by an oligochaete. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20, 1752-1761. 

Consequently, Europe has historically been a hotspot of environmental pressures because of the contamination caused by agricultural, municipal, and industrial activities and high population densities [5, 6], Such contamination has led to poor water quality in many European river basins [7-12], In addition, this pollution can cause the accumulation in river sediments of toxic compounds such as pesticides [13], surfactants [14], and alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [15], These can in turn act as a source to biota [16] and as a potential risk for entire ecosystems [17] if the compounds bioaccumulate, and thereby enter the food chain [18],... 

Luo X-J, Chen S-J, Mai B-X, Yang Q-S, Sheng G-Y, Fu J-M (2006) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in suspended particulate matter and sediments from the Pearl River Estuary and adjacent coastal areas, China. Environ Pollut 139(1) 9—20... 

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Heit, M. 1985. The relationship of a coal fired power plant to the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the sediment of Cayuga Lake. Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 24 41-61. 

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