Secrecy openness

Dobbs, Betty Jo Teeter. "From the secrecy of alchemy to the openness of chemistry." In Solomon s house revisited the organization and institutionalization of science, ed. Tore Frangsmyr, 75-94. Canton (MA) Science History Publications, 1990. 

Long, Pamela. Openness, Secrecy, Authorship Technical Arts and the Culture of Knowledge from Antiquity to the Renaissance. Baltimore, MD Johns Hopkins University, 2001. 

The discovery of uranium fission by Enrico Fermi and L. Szilard at Columbia University opened the way for further advances. This work was done under the cloak of wartime secrecy and led directly to the atomic bomb, but its significance for the discovery of new elements was very great. 

Cf. Will iam Eamon, Science and the Secrets ofNature Books of Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern Culture (Princeton, 1994) Pamela O. Long, Openness, Secrecy, Authorship Technical Arts and the Culture of Knowledge from Anticfuity to the Renaissance (Baltimore, Md., 2001) William F. Ryan and Charles B. Schmitt (eds.), Pseudo-Aristotle The Secret of Secrets Sources and Influences Ashm. 1433, ii, fo. 23 . For more on this treatise, see p. 171 below. 

Eamon, Science and the Secrets of Nature, Long, Openness, Secrecy, Authorship, tsp. ch. 5 Copenhaver, Tale ofTwo Fishes . 

There are many polymer chain modification reactions of different types that have been carried out on polymer melts processed in single and twin rotor extruders. This activity, (4-6) in the analysis of polymerization reactors, driven by market forces seeking to create value-added polymers from commodity resins, started in the mid-1960s in industrial research laboratories (7). Indeed much of the early work is to be found in the patent literature.1 Although in recent times more publications, both industrial and academic can be found in the open literature, there is still a good deal of industrial secrecy, because the products of reactive polymer processing are of significant commercial value to industry. Below we will deal briefly with two important examples of such reactions. 

GC/MS analysis is contributing to the piercing of the veil of secrecy that in former days surrounded perfume formulations. This opening up of information has also affected the economic structure of the industry. The revolution continues. 

From the Secrecy of Alchemy to the Openness of Chemistry." In Solomon s House Revisited The Organization and Institutionalization of Science, edited by Tore Frangsmayr, 75-94. Stockholm Science History Publications, 1989. 

The Holocaust lobby who had learned even before Luftl that the case had been abandoned (whatever happened to official secrecy ) considered this a severe blow.57 In an open letter to Justice Minister Michalek, professional denouncer Wolfgang Neugebauer from the Documentation Center of Austrian Resistance lamented the outcome of these events and charged the Minister of Justice, who had only acted correctly, with full responsibility . ... 

Since, for secrecy reasons, information on new processes and the state of their development is not always published, or only after long delays, the classification applied or recent developments may be misleading. For example, the potential of phase-transfer catalyzed processes may already be more important than the present literature indicates. The same statement could apply for areas such as amidocarbonylation, the synthesis of fine chemicals by means of metallocenes, the reductive/oxidative carbonylation of aromatic amines or nitro derivatives, Heck coupling using palladacycles and heterocyclic carbene complexes, catalytic McMurry coupling, or other proposed methods. Recent developments must therefore leave open the stage of development reached, perhaps signaling that at the time of publication no commercialized, licensable process is yet known to the scientific community. 

The following evening the two men visit this hashish house, whose address is given as near Forty-second Street and Broadway. The clients "are about evenly divided between Americans and foreigners... all the visitors, both male and female, are of the better classes and absolute secrecy is the rale. The house has been opened about two years, I believe, and the number of regular habitues is daily on the increase."... 

Bacon s support of experiment was a direct challenge to the Aristotelian system of natural philosophy, but Bacon s idea that the results of tests and the tests themselves must be open to examination also challenged the traditional secrecy of alchemists. 

The ovens stand on the top row. Then the vessel is opened and the material weighed. Symbolic suns are on the stills at either side. At the bottom the alchemist and the soror are shown with the Philosopher s Egg between them. They vow secrecy—and the Great Work is completed... 

States that provides for publication (136). If and when the application is published or the patent actually issues, the secrecy of the proceeding ends and the entire written record is open to the public. Should a patent not issue, the record will be maintained in secret (137). Thus, assuming corresponding patent applications were not filed in other countries and not published in the United States, an abandoned... 

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