Secondary sulfate from sulfur

Chemical radicals—such as hydroxyl, peroxyhydroxyl, and various alkyl and aryl species—have either been observed in laboratory studies or have been postulated as photochemical reaction intermediates. Atmospheric photochemical reactions also result in the formation of finely divided suspended particles (secondary aerosols), which create atmospheric haze. Their chemical content is enriched with sulfates (from sulfur dioxide), nitrates (from nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, and peroxyacylnitrates), ammonium (from ammonia), chloride (from sea salt), water, and oxygenated, sulfiirated, and nitrated organic compounds (from chemical combination of ozone and oxygen with hydrocarbon, sulfur oxide, and nitrogen oxide fragments). ... 

Formation of combustion particles also involves nucleation and condensation of vapors, although the processes occur at elevated temperatures inside the combustion source and during cooling of the plume. Like secondary aerosols, combustion particles have a major semivolatile component composed of sulfates from sulfur dioxide oxidation and organic oxidation products, and of unburned fuel and oil as well. Furthermore, they contain a large non-volatile component consisting of soot, metals, and metal oxides. 

Results For the St. Louis data, the target transformation analysis results for the fine fraction without July Uth and 5th are given in table 6. The presence of a motor vehicle source, a sulfur source, a soil or flyash source, a titanium source, and a zinc source are indicated. The sulfur, titanium and zinc factors were determined from the simple initial test vectors for those elements. The concentration of sulfur was not related to any other elements and represents a secondary sulfate aerosol resulting from the conversion of primary sulfur oxide emissions. Titanium was found to be associated with sulfur, calcium, iron, and barium. Rheingrover ( jt) identified the source of titanium as a paint-pigment factory located to the south of station 112. The zinc factor, associated with the elements chlorine, potassium, iron and lead, is attributed to refuse incinerator emissions. This factor could also represent particles from zinc and/or lead smelters, though a high chlorine concentration is usually associated with particles from refuse incinerators ( ). The sulfur concentration in the refined sulfate factor is consistent with that of ammonium sulfate. The calculated lead concentration in the motor vehicle factor of ten percent and a lead to bromine ratio of about 0.28 are typical of values reported in the literature (25). The concentration of lead in... 

Detergents, which now rival soap in demand, are based largely on petroleum the variety of structures which confer detergent properties have led to some interesting syntheses. Alkyl aryl sulfonates are made by alkylation of benzene either with chlorinated kerosene or with a highly-branched olefin made from propylene. Long chain olefins for secondary sulfates were made from paraffin wax. Secondary alkyl sulfonates were made by direct sulfonation of paraffins with sulfur dioxide and chlorine, a reaction discovered in America in the 193O s. 

Fig. 29. Extraction of Pu(IV) from sulfuric acid and acidic sulfate solution by primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. Diluents xylene, Amsco 125-82, or 95% Amsco 125-82-5% tridecanol. For primary amine extraction, Pu reduced with hydroxylamine sulfate, reoxidized and stabilized at (IV) with 0.5 M NaN02- Others stabilized at (IV) with 0.1-0.5 M NaN02- ...

AU valves and pumps require corrosion-resistant internals or trim. In addition to sulfuric acid, reactor effluent contains traces of alkyl and dialkyl sulfates from secondary alkylation reactions. These esters decompose in reboilers to form sulfur dioxide and polymeric compounds, and finally sulfurous acids, which can cause severe corrosion in overhead condensers (particularly deisobutanizer towers). Neutralizers or filming amine corrosion inhibitors can be injected into the overhead vapor lines of various towers to prevent corrosion. 

Ziac sulfate was made by 15 companies ia 1980 from secondary materials (93%) and from roasted ore, ie, ziac oxide (7%). The ziaciferous material reacts with sulfuric acid to form a solution, which is purified. After filtration, the solution is heated to evaporation and heptahydrate crystals are separated. It is sometimes sold ia this form but usually as the monohydrate [7446-19-7] which is made by dehydration at ca 100°C. Very pure ziac sulfate solution is made ia the manufacture of the pigment Hthopone [1345-05-7] ZnS-BaSO, and of ziac by electrowinning (see ZiNC AND ZINC ALLOYS). 

The great evaporite basin deposits of elemental sulfur in Poland were discovered only in 1953 but have since had a dramatic impact on the economy of that country which, by 1985, was one of the world s leading producers (p. 649). The sulfur occurs in association with secondary limestone, gypsum and anhydrite, and is believed Ui be derived from hydrocarbon reduction of sulfates assisted 1 bacterial action. The H2S so formed is consumed by other bacteria to produce sulfur as waste — this accumulates in the bodies of the bacteria until death, when the sulfur remains. 

ABSTRACT This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the sulfur-containing natural products that are non-sulfated and have been isolated from marine organisms. The overview covers the published literature from 1985 to 1999. A total of 482 compounds and 371 references are recorded. These secondary metabolites are organized in sections according to structural classifications by sulfur functional groups and by structural families of compounds. Comments on structural characterization, biogenesis, and biological activity have also been included. 

Mass Spectral Techniques. Samples for isotope ratio analysis are typically converted to sulfates or sulfides, then to S02(g) for analysis on a mass spectrometer (MS). The precision of the S02 measurement is commonly reported as 0.1 to 0.2 0/00 (16.241. yet systematic errors of 1 0/00 or larger may result from 1) memory effects due to adsorption of S02 on the walls of the MS, and 2) secondary isotope effects due to the existence of two stable isotopes of oxygen, 160 and lsO (251. Both of these errors can be eliminated by using SF6 rather than S02 as the analyte in the MS (25.261. However, existing sulfur fluorination procedures are relatively dangerous and tedious, making the SF6 method less desirable as a routine environmental technique (261. 

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