Secondary sulfate from sulfur dioxide

Chemical radicals—such as hydroxyl, peroxyhydroxyl, and various alkyl and aryl species—have either been observed in laboratory studies or have been postulated as photochemical reaction intermediates. Atmospheric photochemical reactions also result in the formation of finely divided suspended particles (secondary aerosols), which create atmospheric haze. Their chemical content is enriched with sulfates (from sulfur dioxide), nitrates (from nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, and peroxyacylnitrates), ammonium (from ammonia), chloride (from sea salt), water, and oxygenated, sulfiirated, and nitrated organic compounds (from chemical combination of ozone and oxygen with hydrocarbon, sulfur oxide, and nitrogen oxide fragments). ... 

Formation of combustion particles also involves nucleation and condensation of vapors, although the processes occur at elevated temperatures inside the combustion source and during cooling of the plume. Like secondary aerosols, combustion particles have a major semivolatile component composed of sulfates from sulfur dioxide oxidation and organic oxidation products, and of unburned fuel and oil as well. Furthermore, they contain a large non-volatile component consisting of soot, metals, and metal oxides. 

Detergents, which now rival soap in demand, are based largely on petroleum the variety of structures which confer detergent properties have led to some interesting syntheses. Alkyl aryl sulfonates are made by alkylation of benzene either with chlorinated kerosene or with a highly-branched olefin made from propylene. Long chain olefins for secondary sulfates were made from paraffin wax. Secondary alkyl sulfonates were made by direct sulfonation of paraffins with sulfur dioxide and chlorine, a reaction discovered in America in the 193O s. 

AU valves and pumps require corrosion-resistant internals or trim. In addition to sulfuric acid, reactor effluent contains traces of alkyl and dialkyl sulfates from secondary alkylation reactions. These esters decompose in reboilers to form sulfur dioxide and polymeric compounds, and finally sulfurous acids, which can cause severe corrosion in overhead condensers (particularly deisobutanizer towers). Neutralizers or filming amine corrosion inhibitors can be injected into the overhead vapor lines of various towers to prevent corrosion. 

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