Scientific Examination

Ultravioiet Examination. When the surface of many materials is illuminated by ultraviolet light, it emits fluorescence (see Textbox 22). Since no two materials exhibit the same form of fluorescence, the inspection of surfaces rmder ultraviolet light is often appropriate for determining the nature of the surface differences between an original surface, repaired areas, patches, and repaints are normally clearly shown by differences in fluorescence the technique is not suitable, however, for detechng enhre fakes. Objects made of 

Chemical Analysis. The chemical composition of ancient objects is important for their authentication. The nature as well as the relative amounts of major, minor, and trace elements in any object are of use for determining the authenticity or otherwise of ceramics, glass, or alloys. A wide range of analytical techniques, depending on the nature of the material studied, have been used for this purpose, including X-rays fluorescence analysis, mass spectrometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and neutron activation analy- 

Thermoluminescence measurements on a few milligrams of material scraped from fired-clay objects, such as pottery and figurines, can readily establish whether objects made of these materials are genuine antiquities, recent copies, or fakes. Chemical tests on what appeared to be a broken and restored terracotta statuette, purporting to be of Etruscan origin (from 

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P. Coremans, Wan Meegeren s Faked Wermeers andDe Hooghs A Scientific Examination, Cassel Co., Ltd., London, 1949. 

Platinum was found in conjunction with gold after the Spanish conquest of South America. It was referred to as platina, or Htde silver. It was regarded as an unwanted impurity in the silver and gold, and was often discarded. However, scientific interest in platinum gradually grew and in 1741 the first samples of New World platinum were brought to England for scientific examination. 

Little scientific examination of the deterioration of materials at depth has been undertaken except that by the US Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory and Naval Research, Laboratory. The results of this work were reported by Reinhart in 1966 and more recently the work has been reviewed by Kirk . Typical corrosion data for a selection of metals exposed in the Pacific Ocean at several sites and for different times are shown in Table 2.19 and are compared with results obtained in surface waters at Wrightsville Beach by International Nickel Inc. 

Also in the case of asbestos a phenomenon regarding those involved became apparent that is also always difficult to comprehend, even for SubChem a low ability to be innovative and a high level of entrenchment. The interest in innovation of the actors involved is in most instances overestimated from the outside -i.e. within the scope of a scientific examination. The abihty to become entrenched is however underestimated, with inertia doubtless being a significant barrier. Voluntary innovation efforts are considered to be uimecessaiy additional stress in established routines. 

Importance of Scientific Examination for Archaeometry, Conservation and Restoration... 

Scientific examination of archaeological pieces and works of art is undoubtedly a necessary task for archaeometry, conservation and preservation/restoration sciences. Although essentially focused on metal corrosion problems, electrochemistry was one of the early applied scientific methodologies in such fields, in both its analytical and conservative/restorative aspects. Over the last few decades, the scope of electrochemical methods ability to interact with archaeometry, conservation and restoration has been significantly extended, by virtue of the application of new approaches—in particular, the voltammetry of microparticles. 

Gelenberg AJ, ed. The use of benzodiazepine hypnotics a scientific examination of the clinical controversy. J Clin Psychiatry 1992 53(suppl) 1-87. 

Bibliography, Section A Conservation and Scientific Examination, Art Archaeol. Tech. Abstr. (1970) 8, 229-275. 

Readers interested in the archeology of copper will find several of the references listed at the end of this article of value. To assess the authenticity of ancient copper and bronze objects, museums such as the Cincinnati Art Museum have turned to modem scientific examination. For example, ultrahigh-voltage industrial computed tomography, coupled with x-ray inspection, has been used. 

The government is not, of course, providing funds for a National Institute of Soul Research. The question of the nature of the OOBE is not even asked in orthodox scientific circles, the whole area of psi having been thrown out a long time ago not because the evidence was scientifically examined and found to be nonsensical, but because of various social factors connected with the struggle between science and religion, as science became a... 

Chris Hastings continued to make Rudolfs presence and activities known to a very large number of nosy and peculiar people. He prompted them to agree that England needs a law to protect holocaust lore against scientific examination. And he prompted them to agree that Rudolf should be extradited to Germany immediately. 

Biek, L. (1963). Archaeology and the Microscope The Scientific Examination of Archaeological Evidence. London Lutterworth Press. 

Scientific Examination of Documents methods and techniques, 2nd edition... 

The scientific examination of peyote stimulated by Lewin s enthusiasm resulted in the isolation of the principal psychoactive component in 1897. Arthur Heffter, Lewin s colleague and rival, made this identification by systematically ingesting a number of alkaloid "fractions made from peyote as in the case of psilocybin later, animal testing had been inconclusive as to their various psychoactivities. Heffter named the isolate compound"mezcalin (which soon became "mescaline ) and reported that "mescaline hydrochloride, 0.15 g, produces a pattern of symptoms which differs in only a few respects from the one obtained with the drug (peyote). ... 

The first peyote to be scientifically examined came to the laboratory in Germany in dried form. When dried, the succulent part of the cactus shrivels greatly, while the center tufts remain much the same. Boiling the specimens only partially restored their original appearance, as indicated by this drawing from 1888. 

No one could ask for better terms of reference to carry out a conservation mission scientific examination, restoration, preservation, training. 

A registration application is initially examined for completeness and compliance with the formal requirements, before the technical and scientific examination by specialized groups commences. The first official response from an authority may be a notification of the deficiencies of the dossier. Partly the objections may address only formal faults, other problems may be clarified by reference to the existing data, in other cases additional studies may have to be conducted to provide the required information. 

Although direct observation of the Shroud of Turin has not been made by the author, many photographs and slides have been studied. Primarily these consist of photographs, including some life-size photographs in the public display on the Shroud prepared by Vernon Miller, the official photographer during the 1978 scientific examination and study of the Shroud. 

William McMurtrie s Report upon an Examination of Wools and Other Animal Fibers published in 1886 by the Government Printing Office is still quoted (113). This comprehensive report is based on a scientific examination of the fineness, strength, elasticity, and felting properties of the wool of various breeds of sheep exhibited in 1880 at the International Exhibition of Sheep, Wool, and Wool Products in Philadelphia. 

Baynes-Cope, A.D. 1974. The scientific examination of the Vinland map at the Research Laboratory of the British Museum. Geographical Journal 140 208-211. 

It has been known for centuries that the material called curare has the effect of causing muscular paralysis. This material had been brought to Europe from South America in small quantities by explorers, and was known to have been prepared by the natives in the form of aqueous extracts and concentrates for use as arrow poisons. The early history of the South American Indian arrow poisons has been described in detail by McIntyre (1). The samples available for scientific examination have varied so widely in botanical origin, physiological potency, and chemical constitution that it is only in recent years that definite information has been obtained about the chemical compounds responsible for the curare activity of the South American curare. 

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