Wool production

Fibrous materials may be naturally occurring or synthetically manufactured by thermal or chemical processes (Fig. 1) (see Fibers, survey). Refractory fibers are generally used in industrial appHcations at temperatures between 1000°C and 2800°C. These fibers may be oxides or nonoxides, vitreous or polycrystalline, and may be produced as whiskers, continuous filaments, or loose wool products. 

Animal Nutrition. Sulfur in the diets of mminant animals is beneficial to the animals growth (see Eeedsand FEED ADDITIVES). Sulfur increases feed intake, cellulose and dry matter digestion, and the synthesis of microbial protein. This results in increased meat, milk, and wool production (43). The special uses for sulfur in agriculture demonstrate a significant and continuing need for increased use of sulfur (44). 

Wool is the fibrous covering from sheep (1) and is by far the most important animal fiber used in textiles. World greasy wool production was 2,688,000 tons in 1994—1995, equivalent to 1,557,000 t clean (2) (Table 1). In 1994—1995, 1000.1 x 10 sheep produced 2, 688 x 10 t of greasy wool. The average clip of 2.69 kg/sheep produces 1.56 kg/sheep of clean wool (Tables 1 and 2). 

Table 2. Wool Production and Numbers of Sheep in Principal Wool-Producing Countries, 1994-1995 ...

Wool belongs to a family of proteins, the keratins, that also includes hair and other types of animal protective tissues such as horn, nails, feathers, and the outer skin layers. The relative importance of wool as a textile fiber has declined over the decades as synthetic fibers have increa singly been used in textile consumption. Wool is still an important fiber in the middle and upper price ranges of the textile market. It is also an extremely important export for several nations, notably AustraUa, New Zealand, South Africa, and Argentina and commands a price premium over most other fibers because of its outstanding natural properties of soft handle (the feel of the fabric), moisture absorption abiUties (and hence comfort), and superior drape (the way the fabric hangs) (see Fibers Textiles). Table 2 shows wool production and sheep numbers in the world s principal wool-producing countries. 

Brown Kraft paper is generally used on mineral wool products to give added tensile strength, ease handling, aid positive location between studs or rafters, or prevent contamination when used under concrete screeds. Paper is often laminated with polyethylene to give vapor control layer properties. 

Paper- or foil-backed mineral wool product fabricated from low-density slabs in which the slats stand upright with the fibers predominantly perpendicular to the major faces. This type of product is used on circular and elliptical ducting, pipes and vessels to give a compression-resistant insulant. Supplied in roll form. 

Generally used with mineral wool products where, in its decorative forms, it gives attractive facings to ceilings and wall tiles and enhances their sound-absorption characteristics. PVC is also used as a vapor control layer facing. 

Glass wool products have a limiting temperature of 540°C but are mostly used in buildings and H V applications where a limiting working temperature of 230°C is recommended. 

Coop, I.E. and Clark, V.R. (1966). Influence of live-weight on wool production and reproduction in high country Flocks. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 9, 165-168. 

Co deficit Everywhere Low content of Co in Podsoluvisols, Podzols, Arenosols and Histosols. The average Co content in plant species is < 5 ppb The decrease of Co content in tissues decrease of vitamin BJ2 in liver (tr.—130 ppm), in tissue (tr.—0.05 ppm), in milk (tr.—3 ppm). Synthesis of vitamin Bi2 and protein is weakened. Cobalt-deficiency and Bj2 vitamin-deficiency. The number of animal diseases is decreasing in raw sheep —cattle — pigs and horses. Low meat and wool productivity and reproduction... 

Greenfield, H.J. (1988). The origins of milk and wool production in the Old World a zooarchaeological perspective from the Central Balkans. Current Anthropology 29 573-593. 

Environment and health-related problems are dominated by risks emanating from fibre dusts, which are released during the production and processing of mineral wool products and in refurbishment and/or demolition work. If the fibres are sufficiently small and are inhaled, they can enter the lung. They can also induce skin and respiratory diseases and some are also potentially carcinogenic. 

In September 1998 the RAL Quality Coimnunity on mineral wool, which represents 90% of mineral wool manufacturers, was established on the basis of an sector-wide agreement. It is also the owner of the qnality label mineral wool products and works to promote the diffusion of biosolnble mineral wools (GGM 01). The RAL label on the prodncts signifies easily identifiable information, which at the same time has been verified and continnonsly examined by a nential institution, as to whether a mineral wool product is released as per Annexe V no. 7.1 of the German Ordinance on Hazardous Substances. 

Lanolin is washed or pressed out of wool during the processing of fleece, and is an important by-product of wool production. In concentrated form,... 

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Categories Generic Maximum Achievable Control Technology Standards National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Steel Pickling—HCI Process Facilities and Hydrochloric Acid Regeneration Plants National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Mineral Wool Production National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants From Hazardous Waste Combustors National Emission Standards for Pharmaceuticals Production... 

The money value of world dye production is actually extremely small, corresponding in 1913 ( 500 million francs) to less than one-tenth of the value of wool production, less than one-fifth of cotton production, and about one-fifth of rubber production. Dye manufacturing was a highly competitive business, requiring expensive factories, and the energy, intelligence, and perseverance put into this industry is without parallel. 

Summary Silanes are used as additives in numerous examples of resin chemistry. From these progresses in two applications, mineral wool production and paper impregnation, are highlighted. In the first application, silane acts as a typical coupling agent to improve the binding between resin and fiber, whereas in the latter, silane functions as a modifier to improve surface properties of the final laminate. 

Drum centrifugal blowing process (TEL process) mainly used for glass wool production... 

Sheep fed fluoride 10 ppm in water over 7 years demonstrated decreased wool production. Flourosis, painful stiff gait, lameness, decreased milk production, and dental changes developed in cattle fed 40 ppm fluoride in their diet over 6 months to 1 year. 

Pollutants for Mineral Wool Production Subpart EEE National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air... 

The Woolmark Company Test Method TM31, Washing of Wool Products (Relaxation and Felting Shrinkage), New York, 2002. 

William McMurtrie s Report upon an Examination of Wools and Other Animal Fibers published in 1886 by the Government Printing Office is still quoted (113). This comprehensive report is based on a scientific examination of the fineness, strength, elasticity, and felting properties of the wool of various breeds of sheep exhibited in 1880 at the International Exhibition of Sheep, Wool, and Wool Products in Philadelphia. 

U. S. Federal Trade Commission, Rules and Regulations under the Wool Products... 

FaUentin (Denmark) 1993 Slag wool production factory PAH TWA (pg/m )... 

Failentin, B., and Kamstrup, O. (1993). Simulation of past exposure in slag wool production. Ann Occup Hyg 37, 419 33. 

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