Restoration and conservation

Kuhn, H. (1986), Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butter-worth, London, pp. 186-192. 

Sherwood, S. I. (1995), Clearing the air The role of environmental chemistry in the decay of cultural objects, Proc. Int. Symp. Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Property, Tokyo 1990, Tokyo National Research Institute of Cultural Property, pp. 41-50. 

The Marine Biotechnology Institute (MBI) was founded in 1987 for the study and applications of biodiversity in marine environments. Currently, and within the scope of the present book, the research area of relevance is industrial applications of microbiology . The institute also performs research in C02 fixation. The Applied Microbiology Laboratory is searching cost-effective utilization of microbes for environmental conservation and restoration. In particular, the decontamination of areas polluted with petroleum-related compounds has been addressed. Attention has been paid to removal of polycyclic hydrocarbons. They are also developing processing methods for the conversion of biomass and organic wastes by methane fermentation. 

Synthetic polymers are very important in conservation science because they are commonly used for the conservation and restoration of artworks. Consequently, their chemical characterization must be precise enough to well define their innocuousness for art objects and their long term stability. An example is given in the ToF-SIMS analysis of polymers... 

PoffNL, Allan JD, Bain MB, Karr JR, Prestegaard KL, Richter BD, Sparks RE, Stromberg JC (1997) The natural flow regime a paradigm for river conservation and restoration. Bioscience 47(ll) 769-784... 

Clydesdale, A. (1990). Chemicals in Conservation a guide to possible hazards and safe use. Edinburgh, Scottish Society for Conservation and Restoration (2nd edn.). 

Importance of Scientific Examination for Archaeometry, Conservation and Restoration... 

A. Domenech-Carbo et al., Electrochemical Methods in Archaeometry, Conservation and Restoration, Monographs in Electrochemistry,... 

A number of electrochemical processes involving solid materials can be described in terms of the reductive or oxidative dissolution of such materials. Within this type of processes, one can include the stripping of metal deposits previously mentioned. In the context of archaeometry, conservation, and restoration sciences, the reductive dissolution of iron oxide-type materials is of particular interest. Thus, application of the voltammetry of the microparticles approach for identifying iron pigments has been described [108, 137-139]. 

Quantitation of components in samples is a general goal of analytical purposes. In the fields of archaeometry, conservation, and restoration, quantitation of analytes is of considerable interest in a wide variety of applications. Thus, the provenance of raw materials, alloy composition, and more, can be crucial for authentication, geographical location, or analysis of the time evolution of works of art, techniques, etc. 

The use of such methods for electrochemical quantitation in conservation and restoration, however, should involve the attack of the sample by an adequate reagent and the subsequent determination of selected analytes in solution. This methodology involves handling of micro- or submicrosamples, and further treatment of highly diluted solutions with concomitant opportunities for sample loss and/or sample contamination. 

These results illustrate the inherent capabilities of the voltammetry of microparticles for determining the absolute concentration of analytes in samples from works of art. Here, the most serious limitations are associated with (i) the need for well-defined electrochemical responses, and (ii) the need for relatively high amounts of sample. The second limitation, however, does not apply when relative quantitation procedures are used. As a result, a judicious use of such methodologies can provide valuable information for archaeometry, conservation, and restoration. 

Antonio Domenech-Carb6 (Valencia, 1953) holds a PhD in Chemistry (University of Valencia, 1989) and is currently a Professor in the Department of Analytical Chemistry of the University of Valencia (Spain). His research is focused on supramolecular electrochemistry, electrochemistry of porous nanostmctured materials, and electroanalytical methods applied to the conservation and restoration of cultural heritage, as well as educational problems in science teaching. He has published more than 150 articles in scientific journals and monographs. He was a recipient of the Demetrio Ribes award (Valencian Regional Government) in 2006. 

Scientific examination of archaeological pieces and works of art is undoubtedly a necessary task for archaeometry, conservation and preservation/restoration sciences. Although essentially focused on metal corrosion problems, electrochemistry was one of the early applied scientific methodologies in such fields, in both its analytical and conservative/restorative aspects. Over the last few decades, the scope of electrochemical methods ability to interact with archaeometry, conservation and restoration has been significantly extended, by virtue of the application of new approaches—in particular, the voltammetry of microparticles. 

In contrast, the parasympathetic nervous system(PNS) is our vegetative system, that is, it controls automatic processes such as digestion. Its main purposes are energy conservation and restoration. The preganglionic fibers in the PNS are long and the postganglionic are short. The ratio of pre- to post- is low which means the PNS is not as diffuse as the SNS. 

As with art conservation and restoration, when chemical hazards in art are considered, art and chemistry have again reached a state of matrimonial bliss. The artist needs the chemist and the chemist needs the artist. 

Hofenk de Graaff (1994) In Verrschoor H, Mosk J (eds) Contributions of the Central Research Laboratory to the Field of Conservation and Restoration. Central Research Laboratory for Objects of Art and Science, Amsterdam, p 21... 

Y.P. Kathpalia, Conservation and Restoration of Archive Materials. Unesco, Paris, 1973, Chapter 5. 

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