Schedule of reinforcement

Andrews. J.S., and Holtzman, S.G. The interaction of ti-amphetamine and naloxone differs for rats trained on separate fixed-interval or fixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 26 167-171, 1987. Angrist, B.M., and Gershon, S. Amphetamine abuse in New York City, 1966-1968. Semin Psychiatry 1 195-207, 1969. 

Monkey (Rhesus) 7-8 yr 1 x/d (C) 1.5 (altered performance on a fixed-interval-fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement at age 7-8 years) Rice 1992 PbAc... 

Ranaldi, R., Wise, R.A. Intravenous self-administration of methamphetamine-heroin (speedball) combinations under a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement in rats. Neuroreport. 11 2621, 2000. 

Caine S., Koob G. Effects of dopamine D-l and D-2 antagonists on cocaine self-administration under different schedules of reinforcement in the rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 270 209, 1994. 

Rats were trained to discriminate LSD (W = 12) from saline using a FR 10 schedule of reinforcement. Antagonists were administered 45 min prior to agonist testing. The generalization of LSD to mescaline and their antagonism were studied in the same 12 rats. (Reproduced from ref. 53.)... 

Rats were trained to discriminate 5-OMeDMT from saline using a V115 sec schedule of reinforcement. Antagonists given as above. (Data reproduced from ref. 80.)... 

Appel, J. B. (1971) Effects of LSD on time-based schedules of reinforcement. Psychophar-macologia, 21 174-186. 

Stolerman IP (1989) Discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine in rats trained under different schedules of reinforcement. Psychopharmacology 97 131-138 Stolerman IP (1991) Measures of stimulus generalization in drug discrimination experiments, Behav Pharmacol 2 265-282... 

AntheneUi RM, Despres IP (2004) Effects of Rimonabant in the reduction of major cardiovascular risk factors. Results from the STRATUS-US trial (smoking cessation in smokers motivated to quit), American College of Cardiology 53rd Annual Scientific Session, New Orleans, LA Arroyo M, Markou A, Robbins TW, Everitt B1 (1999) Acquisition, maintenance and reinstatement of intravenous cocaine self-administration under a second-order schedule of reinforcement in rats effects of conditioned cues and continuous acces to cocaine. Psychopharmacology 140 331-344... 

Stewart J (1983) Conditioned and unconditioned drug effects in relapse to opiate and stimulant drug-administration. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 7 591-597 Stolerman IP (1988) Characterization of central nicotinic receptors by studies on the nicotine cue and conditioned taste aversion in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 30 235-242 Stolerman IP (1989) Discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine in rats trained under different schedules of reinforcement. Psychopharmacology 97 131-138 Stolerman IP (1999) Inter-species consistency in the behavioural pharmacology of nicotine dependence. Behav Pharmacol 10 559-580... 

The Schedule-Controlled Operant Behavior test guideline (OPPTS 870.6500) defines procedures for conducting studies of schedule-controlled operant behavior, one way of evaluating the rate and pattern of a class of learned behavior. The purpose of the guideline is to evaluate the effects of acute and repeated exposures on the rate and pattern of responding under schedules of reinforcement. Additional tests may be necessary to completely assess the effects of any substance on learning, memory, or behavioral performance. 

Anger WK, Lynch DW. 1977. The effect of methyl n-butyl ketone on response rates of rats performing on a multiple schedule of reinforcement. Environ Res 14 204-211. 

In addition to these differences in the types of delta agonists used, these studies also differed in numerous environmental and subject-related parameters, including 1) route of delta agonist administration (central vs. systemic), 2) schedule of reinforcement (FR < 5 vs. FR > 30), 3) use of acquisition of self-administration in drug-nai ve subjects versus maintenance of self-administration in drug-experienced subjects as a means of evaluating reinforcement, and 4) species of subject (rat vs. rhesus monkey). A better understanding of the role of these variables will require further research. Overall, results from... 

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