Progress ratio

Ranaldi, R., Wise, R.A. Intravenous self-administration of methamphetamine-heroin (speedball) combinations under a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement in rats. Neuroreport. 11 2621, 2000. 

Xi Z.X., Gilbert J.G., Pak A.C., Ashby C.R., Jr., Heidbreder C.A., Gardner E.L. Selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonism by SB-277011 A attenuates cocaine reinforcement as assessed by progressive-ratio and variable-cost-variable-payoff fixed-ratio cocaine self-administration in rats. Eur. J. Neurosci. 21 3427, 2005. 

Richardson N., Roberts D. Fluoxetine pre-treatment reduced breaking points on a progressive ratio schedule reinforced by intravenous cocaine administration in the rat. Life Sci. 49 833, 1991. 

Paule MG, Allen RR, Bailey JR, Scallet AC, Ali SF, Brown RM, Slikker W Jr. (1992). Chronic marijuana smoke exposure in the rhesus monkey II. Effects on progressive ratio and conditioned position responding. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 260(1) 210-22. 

Bupropion at low doses (10-30 mg kg ) had no effect on increased intravenous self-administration of nicotine, whereas higher dose of bupropion (30-78 mg kg ) decreased nicotine self-administration under a fixed-ratio schedule. Bupropion (20-40 mg kg ) had no effect on intravenous self-administration of nicotine under a progressive-ratio schedule. 

Hodos W (1961) Progressive ratio as a measure of reward strength. Science 134 943-944 Huestis MA, GoreUck DA, Heishman SJ, Preston KL, Nelson RA, Moolchan ET, Frank RA (2001) Blockade of effects of smoked marijuana by the CB 1-selective cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR141716. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58 322-328... 

LeSage MG, Burroughs D, Pentel PR (2006) Effects of nicotine withdrawal on performance under a progressive-ratio schedule of sucrose pellet delivery in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 83 585-591... 

Hoffmeister, Friedrich. 1979. "Progressive-Ratio Performance in the Rhesus Monkey Maintained by Opiate Infusions." Psychopharmacologia 62 181-86. 

Another indicator of the reinforcing effectiveness of a test substance can be the amount of work an animal will perform to obtain the test substance. This can be investigated with a progressive ratio schedule whereby the response requirement increases for every infusion (Solinas et al. 2004) or after a fixed period of time (Wilcox et al. 2000) until the animal ceases to lever-press for a pre-determined interval,... 

Unlike control mice, D2R(—/—) mice trained to lever press for water reward showed no difference in lever pressing rates for different concentrations of morphine in a fixed ratio paradigm and did not increase their rate of lever pressing in a progressive ratio paradigm. 

Evidence for a role of NAc DA in cocaine reinforcement has been provided by studies of the effect of 6-OHDA lesions on cocaine self-administration. Thus, 6-OHDA lesions of the DA innervation of the nucleus accumbens result in extinction-like effects on responding for cocaine in FR schedules (Roberts et al., 1977 Roberts et al., 1980, Pettit et al., 1984) and in a decrease in break point in progressive ratio schedules (Koob et al.,... 

Griffiths RR, Bradford LD, Brady JV (1979) Progressive ratio and fixed ratio schedules of cocaine-maintained responding in baboons. Psychopharmacol 65 125-136. 

Hodos W (1961) Progressive ratio as a measure of reward strength. Science 734 943-944. 

Mendrek A, Blaha CD, Phillips AG (1998) Pre-exposure of rats to amphetamine sensitizes self-administration of this drug under a progressive ratio schedule. Psychopharmacology 735(4) 416-422. 

Roberts DCS, Loh EA, Vickers G (1989) Self-administration of cocaine on a progressive ratio schedule in rats dose-response relationship and effect of haloperidol pretreatment. Psychopharmacology 97 535-538. 

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