Scanning transmission x-ray

NEXAFS experiments on NOM can be conducted in several modes that differ in the type of detected particle and objectives of the experiment transmission (X rays transmitted through the sample), fluorescence (fluorescent X rays due to absorption of the X-ray beam), or electron yield (photo-emitted electron) (Sparks, 2003). Alternatively, the techniques can be divided into full-field applications such as transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) and X-ray photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM), in comparison to scanning techniques such as scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and scanning photoemission microscopy (SPEM) that provide spatial information of elemental forms. 

Figure 17.4. Schematic of a scanning transmission X-ray microscope. This setup uses soft X rays (250-800 eV) from an undulator on beamline XIA of the National Synchrotron Light Source in Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY.

Brandes, J. A., Lee, C., Wakeham, S., Peterson, M., Jacobsen, C., Wirick,S., and Cody, G. (2004). Examining marine particulate organic matter at sub-micron scales using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and carbon X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy. Marine Chem. 92,107-121. 

Feser, M., Carlucci-Dayton, M., Jacobsen, C., Kirz, J., Neuhausler, U., Smith, G., and Yu, B. (1998). Applications and instrumentation advances with the Stony Brook scanning transmission x-ray microscope. In X-Ray Microfocusing Applications and Techniques, McNulty, I., ed., Proceedings of Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers, San Diego, CA, Vol. 3449, pp. 19-29. 

Hitchcock, A. P., Araki, T., Ikeura-Sekiguchi, H., Iwata, N., and Tani, K. (2003). 3d chemical mapping of toners by serial section scanning transmission X-ray microscopy. J. Phys. IV 104, 509-512. 

Lawrence, J. R., Swerhone, G. D. W., Leppard, G. G., Araki,T., Zhang, X., West, M. M., and Hitchcock, A. P. (2003). Scanning transmission X-ray, laser scanning, and transmission electron microscopy mapping of the exopolymeric matrix of microbial biofilms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69,5543-5554. 

Rothe, J., Plaschke, M., and Denecke, M. A. (2004). Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy as a speciation tool for natural organic molecules. Radiochim. Acta 92,711-715. 

Schumacher, M., Christl, I., Scheinost, A. C., Jacobsen, C., and Kretzschmar, R. (2005). Chemical heterogeneity of organic soil colloids investigated by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and C-ls NEXAFS microspectroscopy. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 9094-9100. 

Wiesemann, U., Thieme, J., Guttmann, P, Fruke, R., Rehbein, S., Niemann, B., Rudolph, D., and Schmahl, G. (2003). First results of the new scanning transmission X-ray microscope at BESSY-II. /. Phys. FV104, 95-98. 

Enhanced X-ray optical systems are needed to permit imaging at higher resolution. In particular, zone plate optics, which are currently the limiting factor for scanning transmission X-ray microscopes (STXM) and full-field X-ray microscopes (TXM), need to be improved. 

PMMA-POSS15 cyclopentyl-POSS) as compatibilizer, using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and scanning probe microscopy (SPM) methods was examined. 

Figure 7. Soft X-ray microscopes, (a) conventional X-ray microscope (XM) (b) scanning transmission X-ray microscope (STXM) (c) Scanning Photoemission Microscope (SPEM) and (d) Photoemission Electron Microscope ( ), (taken from www.aLs.lbl.gov).

Figure 1.18 (a) Schematic representation of phase-separated donor-acceptor networks and (b) scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) image of the thermally annealed (at 200°C) films of PFB/F8BT blends processed from chloroform solution, showing the nanoscale phase separation. Reprinted from [217] with permission from Wiley... 

K. B. Burke, A. J. Stapleton, B. Vaughan, X. Zhou, A. L. D. Kilcoyne, W. J. Belcher, P. C. Dastoor, Scanning Transmission X-Ray Microscopy of Polymer Nanoparticles Probing Morphology on Sub-10 Nm Length Scales. Nanotechnology 2011,22,265710. 

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