Scales, equipment list

Catalyst pilot production plants have process and equipment facilities that are similar to equipment used in the large scale plant as listed in Table 2, but at the kg capacity scale typically 10-50 kg/day. Equipment in a catalyst pilot production is to a great extent industrial equipment downscaled by a factor 50-1000. It is necessary that equipment can easily be moved, so flexible production lines of new combinations of unit operations can be arranged. A modern pilot plant will contain most of the equipment listed in Table 2. 

Other types of pilot plant, including commercial units embracing this principle, are available. Some selected vendors of pilot plants, although this is not an exclusive list, include UHDE, Thar Designs, Applied Separations, Chematur, and Separex.. Likewise, bench-scale equipment for preliminary evaluations are manufactured by such companies as Autoclave Engineers (now called Snap-Tite), Chematur, Nova Swiss, Applied Separations, Nova Sep, Thar Designs, Pressure Products, Inc., Supercritical Fluid Technologies, and Separex. 

It may be considered appropriate to perform pilot or semi-technical scale experiments provided the necessary equipment is available. Starting from the top of the equipment list, experiments should (ideally) be performed on each equipment type to determine whether the chosen cycle sequence is feasible and the desired results can be achieved in the most efficient manner. Sufficient experiments may be required to establish near optimum processing conditions and ensure successful operation over the range of potential process conditions encountered during variations in the feed properties. Equipment manufacturers can be consulted as appropriate. It is noted that performing pilot scale experiments is potentially very expensive. 

First she lists the equipment, next the reagents.. Also, noted are the book s quantity and her dream of a 5x scale up ... 

A client may choose to develop a toller who is qualified, but will need additional or improved equipment and technology to meet the eventual production levels required later in the life of the toll contract. The client may require the toller to make changes or modifications at their plant in order to effectively manufacture a particular product in increasing quantity. Some areas of concern applicable to scale up were listed in Various Points to Consider, Section 3.1. Additional considerations to address in the contract may include ... 

Figure 10.2, which is based on a similar chart given by Matthews (1971), can be used to select the type of screening equipment likely to be suitable for a particular size range. Equipment selection will normally be based on laboratory and pilot scale screening tests, conducted with the co-operation of the equipment vendors. The main factors to be considered, and the information that would be required by the firms supplying proprietary screening equipment, are listed below ... 

The hardness of any solid can be assessed with testing equipment that measures the relative ease with which a surface can be either scratched or penetrated by another solid of known hardness. A long-used classification of the hardness of minerals, the Mohs scale of hardness, is based on the scratch test ten rather common minerals are arranged in the scale in order of their increasing relative hardness and listed in a scale varying from 1 to 10 (see Table 20). Each mineral in the Mohs scale scratches those with lower hardness numbers but does not scratch higher-hardness minerals. If a... 

The facilities comprise a long list of equipment for lyophilization and vacuum-drying, formulation, filling, and packing. Projects may concern product or process development, scaling up or direct manufacturing (pilot or commercial scale). 

As a matter of fact, most of the processes currently developed to generate biochemicals out of biomass involve fermentation of starch originating from corn, wheat, or rice, for example. The various chemicals obtainable from theses processes and their end applications are listed in Table 10.3. A lot of these fermented biochemicals, however, are not yet economically competitive compared with their petrochemical equivalent, essentially due to the large capital investment in equipment and land needed to implement the fermentation process on an industrial scale. An additional disadvantage of this route is that it competes with feedstock needed by the food industry. More research to reduce the costs of fermentation technology is needed. 

This short-term pilot-scale evaluation was accomplished by testing various filtration units under the same set of process conditions. Not only did this work result in a final equipment specification, but revealed significant wafer fabrication process changes. The conclusions of this process design project are listed below ... 

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