Scale impact

Some environmental degradation can actually be bad for business. The classical example is the laundry firm sited right next door to the coal power plant. Environmental degradation does often have these types of impacts which need to be quantified. Economic impacts can be either large-scale or small-scale impacts. Examples of large-scale impacts are loss of work hours and loss in productivity, investment in cleaning equipment, etc. 

Improved measurement methods suitable for observations from airborne platforms, so that the regional-scale impacts of urban emission can be accurately assessed. This is needed because some control options for solving the urban-scale problem have the potential of transferring pollution from one geographic area to others. 

Butler, T. J., Likens, G. E. Stunder, B. J. B. 2001. Regional-scale impacts of Phase I of the Clean Air Act Amendments in the USA the relation between emissions and concentrations, both wet and dry. Atmospheric Environment, 35, 1015-1028. 

The biotransformations of sulfur compounds by microorganisms can have large-scale impacts on global chemistry. As an example, sulfate-reducing bacteria have, throughout histoiy, formed major deposits of elemental sulfur and iron sulfides on Earth, and these processes are continuing today (1). Contemporary sulfate-reduction coupled with the oxidation of reduced inorganic sulfur... 

Roughly speaking, the first question addresses the Importance of SO2, while the second and third relate to the regional scale impacts of SO2, and acidic deposition. SO2 in urban areas is... 

Beyond research on setting a new product strategy and managing the innovation process, there also exists the possibility of research into macro scale impacts of the Internet on new product development. For example ... 

Gaffney JS, Anl A IL, Marley NA (2002) Historical overview of the development of chemiluminescence detection and its application to air pollutants. In Atmospheric chemistry urban, regional and global-scale impacts of air pollutants, Boston, MA. American Meteorological Society, pp 1-6... 

In the final analysis though, the lab scale impact tests are of limited value. They may he used to compare materials qualitatively, hut the ultimate test is to make the part or prototype and perform impact tests on that, in a manner that closely simulates the way in which the part is to be handled during manufacture, or used. 

J. S. Gaffney, N. A. Marley, Conference on Atmospheric Chemistry Urban, Regional, and Global Scale Impacts of Air Pollutants, 4th, Orlando, EE United States, Jan. 13-17, 2002, 1 (2002). 

These cross-sectional studies in general showed that for every 10-unit rise in blood lead on a child group basis, two or more IQ points are lost. These mean declines, while modest, would be reflecting much greater changes in the tails of the IQ distribution when the full-scale impact is calculated. 

With regard to discretionary criteria, nominated sites will not be excluded from further consideration because of these criteria rather the SSA will make assumptions about likely scale impacts and whether these will be mitigated by plant design. 

Peltzman s article has been criticized on a number of counts, primarily statistical but it did stimulate follow-up investigations. Dr. John Adams of University College, London, UK, for example, compared traffic fatality rates between countries with and without safety-belt use laws. His annual comparisons (from 1970 to 1978) showed dramatic reductions in fatal vehicle crash rates after countries introduced seat-belt use laws. Taken alone this data would lend strong support to seat-belt legislation. But the drop in fatality rates was even greater in countries without safety-belt use laws (Adams, 1985b). Apparently, the large-scale impact of increased use of vehicle safety belts has not been nearly as beneficial as expected from laboratory crash tests. Risk compensation has been proposed to explain this discrepancy. 

Zx/Z2) for impact parameter dependent charge transfer probability P(b) in terms of scaled impact parameter bZ2 Wr] and velocity v/Z2 = All data were taken for 0.5 but ranged... 

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