Sanitation

Many hazardous waste activity worksites are temporary and are established at remote locations with limited sanitation facilities. Decontamination is conducted either in the contamination reduction zone or the radiological buffer zone, whereas sanitation functions are performed either in the support zone or outside the boundaries of the hazardous waste activities worksite after decontamination has been completed. 

For jobs lasting 6 months or longer, showers and two-stage change-rooms are provided in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.141 (d). Wlien working with asbestos or lead, a five-stage decontamination may be the method of choice. These five stages include  

Dirty air lock Once the workers have deposited their dirty clothing into laundry containers or dirty clothes lockers, they proceed through the dirty air lock with their respirators still on. The dirty air lock makes sure that dirt from the dirty room does not migrate into the shower area or further. 

The shower area The shower area may have one or more showers where the worker, without clothes, takes a full body shower. It is in the shower that the worker would remove the respirator and place cartridges in a proper receptacle for disposal. The worker s respirator should be cleaned while in the shower area. 

Clean air lock After exiting the shower, the worker proceeds through a clean air lock area toward the clean room. This area has been used for hanging up respirators after cleaning to air dry. From the clean air lock the worker proceeds into the clean room. 

Regardless of organization structure, food service operations require a number of workers including cooks, food handlers, and sanitation workers. These workers can experience a wide variety of safety and health risks. Food service departments must meet inspection standards of the local health department. They must also comply with state and federal safety requirements. 

Sanitization provides an extra defense against the transfer of germs and allergens. Mix a capful of unscented bleach per 1 gal of water to create a sanitizing agent for most equipment, utensils, and surfaces. A well-designed orientation session can provide employees with the information 

Principles of personal hygiene and wearing proper clothing How to handle, prepare, and serve food properly Selection, use, and care of PPE 

Good housekeeping procedures and principles of sanitary food handling 

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Most of the chlorine produced is used in the manufacture of chlorinated compounds for sanitation, pulp bleaching, disinfectants, and textile processing. Further use is in the manufacture of chlorates, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and in the extraction of bromine. 

Bromine is used in making fumigants, flameproofing agents, water purification compounds, dyes, medicinals, sanitizers, inorganic bromides for photography, etc. Organic bromides are also important. 

Maintenance of conditions ia the culture environment that keep stress to a minimum is one of the best methods of a voiding diseases. Vacciaes have beea developed agaiast several diseases and more are under development. Selective breeding of animals with disease resistance has met with only limited success. Good sanitation and disiafection of contaminated faciUties are important avoidance and control measure. Some disiafectants are Hsted ia Table 6. Poad soils can be sterilized with burnt lime (CaO), hydrated lime [Ca(OH)2], or chlorine compounds (12). 

The National Sanitation Foundation pubHshes a Hst of acetal resins which they find acceptable for use in potable water appHcations. 

Breweries. Air conditioning and the extensive use of refrigeration are necessary to provide controEed temperature in wort cooling, fermentation, storage, and final packaging of the finished beer. Sanitation and removal of carbon dioxide are important aspects of this appHcation (see... 

Until 1990 the EPA maintained a Hst of chemicals suitable for potable water treatment ia the United States. Siace then the entire question of certification and standards has been turned over to a group of organi2ations headed by the National Sanitation Eoundation, which has issued voluntary standards. As of January 1992, standards had been issued for most of the principal inorganic products, but only for two polymers, poly(DADMAC) and Epi-DMA (epichl orohydrin dimethyl amine) polymers (78). Certifications for commercial products meeting specified standards are issued by the National Sanitation Eoundation, Underwriter Laboratories, and Risk Eocus/Versar (79). 

J. A. TroUer, Sanitation in Food Processing Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, Fla., 1983. 

S. cerevisiae is produced by fed-batch processes in which molasses supplemented with sources of nitrogen and phosphoms, such as ammonia, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, and phosphoric acid, are fed incrementally to meet nutritional requirements of the yeast during growth. Large (150 to 300 m ) total volume aerated fermentors provided with internal coils for cooling water are employed in these processes (5). Substrates and nutrients ate sterilized in a heat exchanger and then fed to a cleaned—sanitized fermentor to minimize contamination problems. 

The organo chlorine compounds are more expensive than inorganic chlorine compounds, but offer improved stabiUty against photolytic breakdown ia swimming pools (21). Swimming pool sanitation is generally accompHshed with 1—3 ppm free chlorine residual (see CHLORAMINES AND BROMAMINES Water, treati nt of swifting pools, spas, and hot tubs). ... 

Alkali AletalIodides. Potassium iodide [7681-11-0] KI, mol wt 166.02, mp 686°C, 76.45% I, forms colorless cubic crystals, which are soluble in water, ethanol, methanol, and acetone. KI is used in animal feeds, catalysts, photographic chemicals, for sanitation, and for radiation treatment of radiation poisoning resulting from nuclear accidents. Potassium iodide is prepared by reaction of potassium hydroxide and iodine, from HI and KHCO, or by electrolytic processes (107,108). The product is purified by crystallization from water (see also Feeds and feed additives Photography). 

Iodine is extensively used in a variety of forms as both an antiseptic and a disinfectant. lodophors, usually nonionic surfactants (qv) complexed with iodine, were developed for more readily usable iodine-based antiseptics and disinfectants. These are used as disinfectants in dairies, laboratories, and food processing (qv) plants, and for sanitation of dishes in restaurants. The reaction product of lanolin and iodine shows utiHty as a germicide (149). 

In the final product, the formaldehyde has completely reacted to form a very inert thermoset resin. Spontaneous emission of formaldehyde from high pressure laminates is measured at approximately the accepted background level of 0.035 ppm (15). Melamine surfaced laminates are tested and approved for food service equipment by the National Sanitation Foundation (16). 

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