Inorganic chlorine

The organo chlorine compounds are more expensive than inorganic chlorine compounds, but offer improved stabiUty against photolytic breakdown ia swimming pools (21). Swimming pool sanitation is generally accompHshed with 1—3 ppm free chlorine residual (see CHLORAMINES AND BROMAMINES Water, treati nt of swifting pools, spas, and hot tubs). ... 

The metabolic fate of chlordan was studied in rabbits by analysis of the relative chlorine content of chlordan added to normal rabbit s urine and of the chlorine content of the urinary excretory product. The method of analysis was similar to the one previously used (, 4) In addition, hydrolysis of chlordan and of the urinary excretory products was carried out by adding solid sodium hydroxide to saturation to a 10-ml. solution of these substances in hot absolute ethyl alcohol. The mixture was refluxed for 3 hours in a round-bottomed flask immersed in boiling water and the amount of inorganic chlorine determined. Hydrolysis was similarly carried out with solutions of the respective substances in aqueous sodium hydroxide. 

Dissolved lignin and carbohydrates Color COD AOX Inorganic chlorine compounds (e.g., chlorate (C103 ))c Water... 

Chlorine (Cl), 6 130-211 9 280. See also Inorganic chlorine XeCl laser addition to fullerene, 12 240-241 analytical methods, 6 202 bleaching agent, 4 50 capacities of facilities, 6 193-198t catalyst poison, 5 257t chemical properties, 6 133-138 diffusion coefficient for dilute gas in water at 20° C, l 67t diffusion coefficient in air at 0° C, l 70t for disinfection, 8 605 economic aspects, 6 188-202 electrolytic preparation/production of, 12 759 16 40 end uses, 6 134-135 in fused quartz manufacture, 22 413 generating from hydrogen chloride, 13 833... 

De novo Theory PCDD/Fs are formed from particulate (elementary) carbon species found in fly ash in the presence of inorganic chlorine of this... 

Dreux M, Lafosse M, Gilbert M, et al. 1985. Analytical determination of inorganic chlorination products in water treatment by an HPLC method. In Jolley RL, Bull RJ, Davis WP, et al., eds. Water chlorination-Chemistry, environmental impact and health effects. Vol. 5. Williamsburg, VA Lewis Publishers, Inc. 

Jayson, G. G., B. J. Parsons, and A. J. Swallow, Some Simple, Highly Reactive, Inorganic Chlorine Derivatives in Aqueous Solution, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 69, 1597-1607 (1973). 

Laboratory studies of the uptake of CIO into sulfuric acid (Martin et al., 1979, 1980), taken in light of a deficit in the inorganic chlorine budget at 17 km after the Mount Pinatubo eruption, led Jaegle et al. (1996) to propose that a heterogeneous reaction of CIO on sulfuric acid aerosols to form perchloric acid, HC104, may also occur. 

Jaegle, L., Y. L. Yung, G. C. Toon, B. Sen, and J.-F. Blavier, Balloon Observations of Organic and Inorganic Chlorine in the Stratosphere The Role of HCI04 Production on Sulfate Aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 1749-1752 (1996). 

Sander, S. P., R. R. Friedl, and J. S. Francisco, Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Atmospheric Inorganic Chlorine Chemistry, in Progress and Problems in Atmospheric Chemistry, Advanced Series in Physical Chemistry (J. R. Barker, Ed.), Vol. 3, pp. 876-921, World Scientific, Singapore, 1995. 

Figure 19. Calculated total reactive chlorine (CIO + 2Cl202) plotted against potential temperature for four Arctic flights (54). ClMai is the total inorganic chlorine estimated from the whole-air sampler measurements of Heidt (unpublished data). Uncertainty in the calculations is a factor of 2 with la confidence. (Reproduced with permission from reference 54. Copyright 1991 American Association for the Advancement of Science.)...

Bromine containing species, introduced from Man s release of halons, are also believed to play a significant role in the polar ozone depletion, despite the fact that the total inorganic bromine concentration in the stratosphere is typically two orders of magnitude lower than the inorganic chlorine. This is manifested in the presence of Br0N02 and HOBr, which however are less stable than the chlorine reservoirs, so that relatively more BrO, is in the active fotm [36,37]. There is a synergism between the chlorine and bromine species the oxides radicals GO and BrO react with each other to produce a series of products, G, Br, BrCl and OCIO. The latter compound is an indicator of the elevated levels of both BrO and GO [38]. 

Johansson E, Ebena G, Sanden P, Svensson T, Oberg G (2001) Organic and Inorganic Chlorine in Swedish Spruce Forest Soil Influence of Nitrogen. Geoderma 101 1... 

Recently, Wikstrom et al. (1996) studied formation of CDDs, CDFs, and chlorobenzenes in the combustion process. These authors monitored combustion of an artificial fuel where the chlorine level and source were varied in the artificial waste. Different levels of organic chlorine (PVC) and inorganic chlorine (CaCl2 6H20) were added to the fuel. When the level of chlorine in the fuel was <1%, there was no correlation between the quantities of CDDs, CDFs, and chlorobenzenes present. However, when the chlorine level was >1%, increased formation rates were noted for CDDs, CDFs, and chlorobenzenes. 

Significantly increased levels of OH act to shift the balance of inorganic chlorine, from the non reactive form, HCl, to the reactive radicals. Cl and CIO, via the reaction... 

West Africa was three days, which they found to be similar to the mean residence time of gaseous inorganic chlorine of 2.25 days. The lifetime of gaseous inorganic bromine, however, was —7.25 days. Moyers and Duce (1972) estimated that the lifetime of gaseous bromine would be —7 times that of particulate bromine. These numbers are of course dependent on transport and deposition which vary with time and location. The vertical profile of sea salt aerosol was examined by Woodcock (1953) and Blanchard and Woodcock (1980), who found an exponential decrease with height and a salt inversion (i.e., local maximum) near cloud base. 

Recent observations in controlled biomass burning experiments showed that less than 50% of volatile inorganic chlorine was in the form of HCl. Most appeared to be CI2 and HOCl and other alkaline reactive chlorine compounds (Keene et al., 2001). 

Keene W. C., Maben J. R., Pszenny A. A. P., and Galloway J. N. (1993) Measurement technique for inorganic chlorine gases in the marine boundary layer. Environ. Set Technol. 27, 866-874. 

---