Sampling water samplers

During the 2007 field experiments, C02 concentrations of the water samples under the reservoir pressure could not be correctly monitored due to the broken of the water sampler. This means that water samples were collected around 800m depth and a part of C02 must be degassed during ascending to the surface from the sampler. Therefore, C02 concentrations of the reservoir fluids are calculated on the basis of the observed pH and charge balance of each samples (Case 1) and the tracer concentration (Case 2). The Case 2 means that C02 in the injected water did not react with rocks. Fig.3 shows the calculated C02 concentration with iodine. Iodine concentration decreases from 1000 to 200pg/L with the elapsed time. From Fig.4, the fraction of the injected C02 water (1 wt.% C02) is almost zero. This means that... 

Sampling. Water and sediments were sampled at the greatest depths of two mountain mesotrophic lakes in Nagano Prefecture, Lakes Kizaki-ko and Nakatsuna-ko. Sampling of the core sediments was made by using a core sampler devised by the author. 

Sample collection varies from hand sampling procedures at a single point to more sophisticated multipoint sampling techniques, such as the equal discharge increment (EDI) method or equal transit rate (ETR) method. Different types of water samplers can be used to collect water samples from bodies such as rivers, seas, lakes, etc. The Blumer sampler [30], Deutsche Hydrographisches Institute sampler (DHI) [31], and a high volume water sampler, designed to pump water from a defined depth below the water body surface outside the wake of the survey vessel, are suitable as samplers [32], The Kemmerer and van Dorn samplers may also be used for water sample collection. For rivers, up- and downstream samples are usually required, as well as the points where tributaries or waste drains join the main stream under study. 

The dinghy should be located upwind of the motor launch to prevent the sampled water from being polluted with exhaust gases from the latter. To sample water or sediments close to a dam, samplers can be immersed in water from helicopters 21 their use for sampling was comprehensively described by Krinitz et al.22... 

The mantra of sampling is to avoid introducing contamination during the sampling process. Samplers should not wear hand jewellery, and all sampling equipment must be free of contaminants and cleaned thoroughly between sample sites. Water sample analysis, in particular, involves determinations to very low concentrations and care should be taken to wash hands in the stream water first to remove any sweat or lotions (such as sun cream), and handling sample bottles must be done in such a way that the inside of bottles or lids are not touched by the hand. 

Sampler i unpacks all the sampling equipment. Sampler 2 labels the water sample bottles (and the sediment and panned concentrate bags). Four botdes are used for various analytical methods. The pre-allocated site number (taken from the field card) is written on the sample containers, using the black permanent ink marker. The site number becomes the sample number by including a sample type code as... 

When the fine material has settled in the collecting pan, Sampler 2 decants the fine sediment slurry into a sample bag. Sampler 2 puts on a pair of rubber gloves, cleans them in the stream water, then slowly decants excess water from the surface of the sediment collecting pan. The sediment sample is then homogenised by firmly,... 

Tropical storms, typhoons, or hurricanes, depending on their strength and geographical context, often deliver torrential rains. Increased river flow during such high intensity, low frequency rainfall events can transport a major portion of annual river N load to coastal systems. Historically, there has been a paucity of data on such events due to their irregular and extreme nature and the generally manual nature of water sample collection for nutrient analyses. However, with the use of in situ automatic water samplers and nutrient analysis systems, data from such events can now more readily be captured. 

Surface water samplers can be tested by comparing results obtained on samples collected by the sampling device with those obtained on water aliquots collected directly in the storage bottles, as shown in Table 5.2. The procedure can be applied when filtration can be avoided (particularly when working in open waters). The operation can be carried out by hand and with the use of long polyethylene gloves, in the case of surface waters, or by a plastic telescope bar with the sampling bottle inserted at its end (16). 

The Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler or POCIS is designed to sample water-soluble (polar or hydrophilic) organic chemicals from aqueous environments (Alvarez et al., 2004 Jones-Lepp et al., 2004 Petty et al., 2004 Alvarez et al., 2007). It consists of a solid material (sorbent) contained between two microporous... 

Fio. 10. AutoAnalyzer recorder tracings illustrating interaction between samples when urea solutions of the concentrations indicated (mg/100 ml) are analyzed sequentially at a sampling rate of 40/hour. When a Sampler Type I is used (I) interaction is eliminated by a water wash between samples (right), but with a reduction to half the effective rate of sampling. The Sampler II, which incorporates a water wash in its functioning, virtually eliminates interaction without a reduction in sampling rate (II). 

Water samplers can be either automatic or manually operated. Automatic samplers are used to collect samples at either fixed time-intervals or in proportion to the flow and then to retain the water sample in a separate container. These are commonly used, for example, in rivers or from a point source (effluent outfall). In addition, automatic samplers can be used to allow the collection of time-averaged samples or precipitation. In the case of the latter, the onset of rainfall triggers the collection mechanism. Manually operated samplers are essentially open tubes of known volume (typically 1 to 30 1) fitted with a closure mechanism at each end. They are constructed of stainless-steel or PVC. Manually operated samplers are particularly useful when sampling from open waters (e.g. oceans, seas, lakes, etc.) at specific depths. The sampling device is lowered on a calibrated line to the specific sampling depth, the sample is taken and then the top and bottom lids are closed and sealed. 

The automated water samplers described above may be configured to act as time-integrating samplers whereby the sampler is programmed to collect a series of consecutive samples into a single collection vessel, effectively generating a composite sample covering the time period concerned. 

As part of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, a hydraulic piston corer (HPC) was developed which can be used with motion-uncompensated drill pipe (Walton et al., 1982) (Figure 5.10). This is a proven deep-water sampler that has taken high-quality 63.5-mm-diameter soil samples in water depths greater than 2078 m. Sample recovery is generally 90% or more which is... 

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