Deep-water samplers

As part of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, a hydraulic piston corer (HPC) was developed which can be used with motion-uncompensated drill pipe (Walton et al., 1982) (Figure 5.10). This is a proven deep-water sampler that has taken high-quality 63.5-mm-diameter soil samples in water depths greater than 2078 m. Sample recovery is generally 90% or more which is... 

The method of intercomparison of the various devices was to deploy pairs of sampler types on different hydrowires to collect water samples from a homogeneous body of deep water at Ocean Station S (Panulirus Station) near Bermuda (Fig. 1.1). The water at this depth has characteristics of 3.97 0.05 °C... 

Deep water sampling procedures are similar to those for surface water sampling, the difference is in the sample delivery method. There are several types of discrete depth liquid samplers available today to perform this task, such as glass weighted bottles, Wheaton bottles, Kemmerer samplers, or electrical pumps. 

Barnes R. O. (1973) An in situ interstitial water sampler for use in unconsolidated sediments. Deep-Sea Res. 20, 1125-1128. 

Jahnke et al. (1982) used the same (or, at least a quite similar) tool in 4450 m deep waters of the equatorial Pacific, at approximately 0° to 10° N, and approximately 140° W (MANOP-site). Here, the distances between the locations in which the harpoon sampler was used and in which, for reasons of comparison, pore water was obtained by compression after the sampling was carried out with the box corer, amounted to 300 m to up to 3000 m. In measurements, which were corroborated several times, Jahnke et al. (1982) found similar concentrations of nitrate, nitrite, silica, pH, and manganese. Yet, the concentrations of ZCO, alkalinity and phosphate were distinctly higher and displayed statistical significance. 

Clark, R.C. Jr., Blumer, M. and Raymond, S.O., 1967. A large water sampler, rupture-disc triggered, for studies of dissolved organic compounds. Deep-Sea Res., 14 125—128. 

Comparison of commercially available rosette samplers (Table 1-2, Fig. 1-5) shows that different constructions follow almost the same principle. A circular protective frame accommodates 3-36 samplers which commonly can be used as serial samplers in hydrocasts. In addition to their usage in basic hydrochemical studies, standard rosette samplers (e.g., 12 L Niskin samplers see Table 1-2) are also suitable for the collection of oceanographic tracers such as fluorocarbon compounds, helium-3, tritium or even carbon-14 (except for studies in the deep waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, where large special samplers of > 250 L volume are needed see Table 1-2 and Oiapter 13). 

Weiss RF (1968) Piggyback sampler for dissolved gas studies on sealed water samples. Deep-Sea Res 15 695-699... 

The dredge sampler for sediment acts like a scoop in collecting sediment from the stream bed surface. The dredge has drawbacks because the sampling location on the riverbed is uncertain, it collects only the top 15 cm of sediment, and fine material can escape along with the water on return to the surface. A core sample collected by the slide hammer method can be used to collect a 0.7-m-long sediment sample in water as deep as 5 m (Byrnes 2001). 

Fig. 1-11. Niskin sampler for the collection of microbiological samples from deep ocean waters (General Oceanics).

A portion of the plasma (which is typically three sampler orifice diameters wide and two sampler orifice diameters deep) is sampled from the central channel of the plasma, and extracted through a differentially pumped interface (through two water-cooled metal cones with orifice diameter 1 mm, the sampler and the skimmer), which is maintained at approximately 1 torr using a mechanical roughing pump. This portion is then transmitted into the mass spectrometer where ions are separated according to their mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) and counted. 

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