Laboratory fermenters

The antibiotie Tylosin was produeed in a CSTR using Streptomyees fradiae in a 5 liter laboratory fermenter. For different substrate flow-rates the eoneentrations of produet and biomass were measured [23]. 

To avoid gas-liquid mass transfer Hmitation, which would have a negative influence on productivity, in correctly operated bioreactors there are turbulent flow conditions with more or less pronounced turbulence, for which the Reynolds stress formula (Eq. (2)) can be used. Whereas, as a rule there is fully developed turbulent flow in technical apparatuses (see condition (6) and explanations in Sect. 8), this is frequently not the case in laboratory fermenters. Equations (3) and (4) are then only valid to a limited extent. 

Figure 7.4 Collection of commercial Raman probes designed for different installations (a) laboratory scale probe with interchangeable immersion or noncontact optics, shown with immersion option (b) probe shown in (a) installed in laboratory fermentation reactor (c) production scale immersion probe (d) probe shown in (c) installed in a glass reactor (e) gas phase probe with flow through cell (f) probe shown in (e) installed in process piping (g) wide area illumination (WAI) noncontact probe after completion of a pharmaceutical tablet coating operation. Adapted, with permission. Copyright 2004 Kaiser Optical Systems, Inc.

Fig. 5. Laboratory fermentation process equipment. (The Dow Chemical Company)...

Rojas, V., Gil, J. V., Pihaga, F., and Manzanares, P. (2003). Acetate ester formation in wine by mixed cultures in laboratory fermentations. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 86,181-188. 

Table 12.1 Fermentation yield improvement of NPI-0052 in shake flask and laboratory fermenter.

NPI-0052 is currently manufactured under cGMP through a robust saline fermentation process by S. tropica strain NPS21184. It was quite an effort to find the proper contract manufacturing organisations (CMOs) that would accept and adapt our saline fermentation process, developed in laboratory fermenters, to their industrial-scale production fermenters and also have the proper containment facility to handle the downstream processing (DSP) of the highly potent NPI-0052. 

Litres of a nutrient medium of the composition given below were charged into an aerated laboratory fermenter of 10 litres capacity, equipped with a stirring device ... 

Figure 43 illustrates a small laboratory fermenter with a Z/T ratio of 1, and in this case, depending on the power level, an estimate must be made of the gas mixing characteristics and an evaluation made ofthe suitability of the exit gas concentration for the driving force compared to the log-mean driving force. This is one area which needs to be explored in the pilot program and the calculation procedures. 

Figure 43. Driving force for small laboratory fermenter.

The laboratory fermentation broth, which is similar to the commercial broth, contained 2.0 g/0.11 lysine, much smaller amounts of Ca", and other amino acids. The broth was passed through 500 ml of strong acid cation resin, Dowex HCR-S, in the NH/ form. The flow rate was 9 ml/min or 1.77 ml/min per cm of resin. It was determined that the resin capacity averaged 115 g of lysine-HCl per liter of resin. It may be noted that since the equivalent molecular weight of lysine-HCl is 109.6 g and the theoretical capacity of Dowex HCR-S is 2.0 meq/ml, the operating capacity is 52% of theoretical capacity. 

Two new compounds named aranochlors A (188) and B (189) were detected as minor components from the fermented broth of the fungal strain Pseudoarachniotus roseus [216]. Fermentations were carried out in shake flasks as well as in laboratory fermenters. For the isolation of 188 and 189 six batches of each 100 liters were processed. Both compounds were present both in the culture filtrate and the mycelium. Both aranochlors exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activities. The... 

While we have not investigated fermentation technology in detail, we have used a laboratory fermenter to produce large quantities of T. viride cellulase in a semi-continuous system. The effluent from the fermenter has been used by Ghose in his digestion experiments (7) with no treatment other than filtration through glass wool and pH adjustment. 

Figure 9. Production of T. viride cellulose in a semi-continuous laboratory fermenter...

Fig.3a-3e. Typical fermentation profile of Lactobacillus helveticus (culture I and culture II) in a 10 1 laboratory fermenter. Temperature 39 C. 

Fungal xylanases including A. oryzae xylanase have been reviewed recently by Haltrich et al (8). Xylanases produced by A. oryzae have been already studied fi om different aspects. Induction of xylanase production by a synthetic xyiobiose anidog, ft-metiiyl-D-xyloside, was dmonstrated by Bailey et al (9). Purification and characterization of xylanase components was studied in detail (10,11). Xylanase production in a 10-1 laboratory fermenter was also performed (12). 

The rare bird s nest fungus Cyathus intermedius produces the yellow xanthone pigment (391) in small amounts when grown in laboratory fermentations 56). The structure (391) was confirmed by synthesis involving regioselective hydroxylation of l-hydroxy-6,8-dimethylxan-thone (Scheme 65). It seems likely that the xanthone (391) arises in the fungus from an octaketide derived anthraquinone precursor. 

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