Scale sample calculation

Fig. 9-8 Histogram of dissolved solids of samples from the Orinoco and Amazon River basins and corresponding denudation rates for morpho-tectonic regions in the humid tropics of South America (Stal-lard, 1985). The approximate denudation scale is calculated as the product of dissolved solids concentrations, mean armual runoff (1 m/yr), and a correction factor to account for large ratios of suspended load in rivers that drain mountain belts and for the greater than average annual precipitation in the lowlands close to the equator. The correction factor was treated as a linear function of dissolved solids and ranged from 2 for the most dilute rivers (dissolved solids less than lOmg/L) to 4 for the most concentrated rivers (dissolved solids more than 1000 mg/L). Bedrock density is assumed to be 2.65 g/cm. (Reproduced with permission from R. F. Stallard (1988). Weathering and erosion in the humid tropics. In A. Lerman and M. Meybeck, Physical and Chemical Weathering in Geochemical Cycles," pp. 225-246, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.)...

Table 5 Sample Scale-Up Calculation for a Chromatography Step... 

When the mass m of an object is relatively large, as is true in daily life, then both Ax and Av in the Heisenberg relationship can be very small. We therefore have no apparent problem in measuring both position and velocity for visible objects. The problem arises only on the atomic scale. Worked Example 5.6 gives a sample calculation. 

Sample calculations in reports, 462 Saran, 437, 440-442 Sawing for equipment fabrication, 447 Scale formation in evaporators, 355-360 Scaling for equipment cost estimation, 169-171 Scaling factors for heat transfer, 586-587 Scale-up for equipment specifications, 36-39 Schedule number for pipe, 493 Screen, cost of 567 Self insurance, 264-265 Sensitivity of results for pipe sizing, 367-368 Separators, cost of 559-561 Sequential analysis, 771-772 Series compound-amount factor, 227... 

After world war II, the thermal explosion theory was transferred to the western world, and it was studied predominantly and earnestly in the United Kingdom. Achievements performed by P. H. Thomas, T. Boddington and P. C. Bowes are in particular known. Their main interest was, however, focused on the Tc for a solid, because they considered the calculation of the Tc for a liquid to be very difficult on account of the harmful influence exerted by Frank-Kamenetskii. Nevertheless, however, they were not able to establish the calculation method of the Tc for a solid to the last. Their work ended by proposing a procedure to determine the Tc for a relatively large-scale solid by extrapolating the actually measured values of Tc for several small-scale samples of the solid on the graph. ... 

Quinine in a 1.664-g antimalarial tablet was dissolved in sufficient 0.10 M HCl to give 500 mL of solution. A 15.00-mL aliquot was then diluted to 100.0 mL with the acid. The fluorescence intensity for the diluted sample at 347.5 nm provided a reading of 288 on an arbitrary scale. A standard 100-ppm quinine solution registered 180 when measured under conditions identical to those for the diluted sample. Calculate the mass in milligrams of quinine in the tablet. 

Note the reading on the scale and calculate the reading for the appropriate depth of sampling for the 0.02mm cutolf at the temperature of the suspension (Table 2.1.1). 

Fig. 10.4. Aligned spectra for 2 MeV He ions incident on Si samples implanted at liquid nitrogen temperature, preannealed at 400°C for 60 min and annealed at 550°C. The depth scale is calculated assuming the bulk density of Si (after Csepregi et al. 1976)...

Individual variations between animals, and between samples of a food, must always be considered when applying feeding standards as such variation will inevitably lead to inaccuracies. For this reason, feeding standards should be considered as guides to feeding practice and not as inflexible rules they do not replace the art of the farmer in the finer adjustment of food intake to animal performance. The application of feeding standards is not restricted to individual animals they can also be used at farm scale to calculate, for example, the total winter feed requirement of a dairy herd, or used at national level to assist in planning food imports. 

The molecular weight distributions of the oligomers were determined by means of gel permeation chromatography. These were done by Dr. Julian F. Johnson who was then at the Chevron Research Company. A Waters Analytical G.P.C. Model 300 was used. A combination of one 100,000 R, one 15,000 A, one 100 R, and one 45 R column was used. The columns were calibrated with normal alkanes and monodisperse polystyrenes. Samples were dissolved in toluene to obtain 60 mg/100 ml concentration they were eluted with toluene at a flow rate of 1 ml per minute at room temperature. The results were machine-computed to obtain relative molecular weights. From these, absolute values of the molecular weights were obtained by means of scaling factors calculated from experimental viscosity or vapor pressure osmometry data. The calibration curve is shown... 

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter. The greater the kinetic energy of the particles in a sample, the higher the temperature is and the hotter it feels. To assign a numerical value to temperature, it is necessary to define a temperature scale. For calculations in thermochemistry, we use the Celsius and Kelvin scales. Celsius and Kelvin temperatures are related by the following equation. 

In volumetric titrations, the titrant is added in the form of a solution. An important alternative is coulometric titration, hi this method, the titrant is generated in situ by electrolysis of the solution containing the analyte. The amoimt of charged used imtil the equivalence point has been reached is evaluated to calculate the amount of sample. Calculation is based on Faraday s law [Chap. 2, Eq. (2.36)]. Coulometric titrations are easily performed on a miniature scale. If the generator electrodes are extremely small, then mechanical stirring is not necessary. Diffusion is sufficient to transport reactants. Such microtitrator systems can be combined with an electrochemical indicator arrangement in order to establish a sensor-actuator system. Such a set-up is an example of miniaturized total analytical systems ( -TAS) which are presented in Chap. 10. Such systems are much more complex than simple chemical sensors, although in practical use this is not always transparent. 

Calculations. The concentration of acrylic acid in a sample calculated from the absorbance of a 100 ul injection on an absorbance scale of 0.01 a.u.f.s., ie ... 

Relative to the above prototypic conditions, several models and simulation experiments are considered. At full scale and f pressure, a water-air system which simulates the molten corium-steam system is considered. For the 1/10 linear scale-down model, the following cases are considered for sample calculations. 

The break size for the liquid discharge is geometrically scaled, thus it is 3.5 cm diameter. However, in order to see the parametric effects of the gas flow as well as to compensate for the reduced presure in the vessel, several enlarged flow area for the gas jet with the increment of twice, three times, flve times and seven times are considered in the sample calculations, see table I. 

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