Salts that produce basic solutions

Salts that produce basic solutions Potassium fluoride is the salt of a strong base (KOH) and a weak acid (HF). It dissociates into potassium ions and fluoride ions. 

Salts That Produce Neutral Solutions Salts That Produce Basic Solutions Salts That Produce Acidic Solutions Metal Ion Hydrolysis Salts in Which Both the Cation and Anion Hydrolyze... 

Ammonia is one of several substances that produce basic solutions in water. As you can see, ammonia does not contain hydroxide ions. However, it does produce these ions when it reacts with water. Ammonia also undergoes a neutralization reaction with acids. The Arrhenius theory cannot explain the basic properties of ammonia. Nor can it explain the fact that certain other substances, such as salts that contain carbonate ions, also have basic properties. 

Acid-Base Properties of Salts Saits That Produce Neutrai Soiutions Saits That Produce Basic Soiutions Base Strength in Aqueous Solutions Salts That Produce Acidic Solutions... 

Salts that hydrolyze to produce basic solutions can settle upset stomachs, prevent yellowing pages, and neutralize major and minor acid spills. A knowledge of hydrolysis is very useful and has many applications. 

The cations and anions of salts derive from the reactions of acids with bases. The conjugate bases of weak acids are the anions of many salts, e.g., acetate, carbonate, phosphate. All these anions are themselves weak bases, so that in water they hydrolyze and produce basic solutions. Certain cations are weak acids,e.g., NH4, and in water will hydrolyze to produce acidic solutions. There are no basic cations. All Group I and Group II cations, e.g., Na, Ca, are neutral in aqueous solution. However, salts of the cations AP", Pb " ", Sn " and of the transition metals Fe, etc., form acidic solutions. In these metal salts, water is covalently bound to the central cation. A hydrogen ion from the bound water dissociates and causes aqueous solutions of these salts to be acidic. For example, FefHjO)/ is... 

Irradiation of the phenolic diazonium salt 3 in basic solution produced glaziovine in 457o yield. This is an appreciably higher yield than that obtained by irradiation of the corresponding phenolic bromo compound 4. ... 

We saw in Section J that a salt is produced by the neutralization of an acid by a base. However, if we measure the pH of a solution of a salt, we do not in general find the neutral value (pH = 7). For instance, if we neutralize 0.3 M CHjCOOH(aq) with 0.3 M NaOH(aq), the resulting solution of sodium acetate has pH = 9.0. How can this be The Bronsted-Lowry theory provides the explanation. According to this theory, an ion may be an acid or a base. The acetate ion, for instance, is a base, and the ammonium ion is an acid. The pH of a solution of a salt depends on the relative acidity and basicity of its ions. 

Salts that contain the conjugate acids of weak bases produce acidic aqueous solutions so do salts that contain small, highly charged metal cations. Salts that contain the conjugate bases of weak acids produce basic aqueous solutions. 

The manufacture of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals generates in the order of 25-100 times more waste than product [52], Inorganic salts account for the bulk of the waste and are most often produced by neutralization of acidic or basic solutions [53]. Salts can pollute soil and ground water, lower the pH of atmospheric moisture and they may contribute to acid dew or acid rain [6]. For cleaner production, their minimization is essential and hence our concentration on new processes, such as the etherification (discussed in Sect. 2.6.3.1) and hydrogen transfer reduction (Sect. 2.6.3.2), that avoid salt formation and the use of salts. 

In hydrolysis, a salt reacts with water. The ions that hydrolyze do so because a weak acid or a weak base is formed. The process of hydrolysis removes ions from the solution and is the driving force for the reaction. The reaction may produce a solution that is acidic, basic or neutral according to the following chart ... 

Basic soils present a unique analytical challenge. Most of these soils contain calcium carbonate (CaC03) as the primary base. Basic soils also contain magnesium and, to a lesser extent, sodium carbonate. Although soils containing lithium and potassium carbonate are known, they are uncommon. These compounds produce a basic solution when dissolved in water. This means that adding either water as an extractant or water containing small amounts of salt is not effective because the soil already contains salts and solutions immediately become basic when added to these soils. 

The acidic or basic property of an aqueous solution of a salt results from reactions between water and the dissociated ions of the salt. Some ions do not react with water. They are neutral in solution. Ions that do react with water produce a solution with an excess of HsO iaq) or OH (aq). The extent of the reaction determines the pH of the solution. As you will see, the reaction between an ion and water is really just another acid-base reaction. 

If a salt consists of the cation of a strong base and the anion of a weak acid, such as NaCHsCOO, only the anion reacts significantly with water. The reaction produces hydroxide ions. Therefore, the solution will have a pH that is greater than 7. Salts of strong bases and weak acids dissolve in water and form basic solutions. 

Sodium hydroxide is a strong base. The most important reactions are the neutraliztion reactions with acids that form salts and water. Thus with sulfuric, hydrochloric, and nitric acids, the corresponding sodium salts are obtained when solutions are evaporated for crystallization. Neutralization with weak acids forms basic salts. Reactions with organic acids produce their soluble sodium salts. 

Experiments at pressures of one kilobar and above indicate that talc is produced between 100-300°C (Hohling, 1958). However, its occurrence in salt deposits (Braitsch, 1971 Fuchtbauer and Goldschmidt, 1959) and carbonates (Millot, 1964) indicate that it continues to be stable at lower temperatures. The experimental work of Siffert (1962) indicates that talc could be precipitated from concentrated basic solutions (pH > 9) where other magnesian silicates such as sepiolite and trioctahedral montmoril-lonite are not stable. 

C. i1. Burgess1 and C. Hambuechen, in 1903, investigated the various conditions requisite for the electrolytic production of a good white lead. They found that a two-compart-ment cell is necessary to obtain a pure product. When lead anodes and sodium nitrate solution are employed a certain quantity of basic lead salt is produced, and there is not therefore a 100 per cent, formation of pure lead nitrate. The reduction of sodium nitrate at copper cathodes cannot be prevented so that a certain amount of ammonia is formed, and the solution being alkaline after a time, plumbates are formed and a layer of spongy lead is deposited on the cathode. If, therefore, the cathode compartment be not separated from the anode, the loosely-deposited cathodic lead will fall into the white lead which is collecting at the bottom of the cell. 

Heteropoly acids and salts that undergo partial hydrolytic degradation in water to produce hydrogen ion can be stabilized in mixed solvents, such as water dioxane, water acetone, water alcohol, etc.ls 114 Thus, when HafPMo O ] is potentio-metrically titrated with base in aqueous solution, it behaves as a six to seven basic acid, however, when similar measurements were carried out in 1 1 water-acetone or water dioxane, the acid was found to be tribasic15,114 ... 

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