Salt substitute, sodium number

Lithium has been used clinically for many years in the treatment of mania (Dl, S27), and latterly as a prophylactic in recurrent depression (Bl, B2, CIO, H16). For a short while, about 1948, lithium salts were sold as a common salt substitute for patients on low sodium intake diets, but its high toxicity, culminating in a number of deaths, led to its discontinuance for this purpose. 

SOURCES OE CHLORINE. Chlorine is provided by table salt (sodium chloride) and foods that contain salt. Also, a number of chloride-containing salt substitutes are available. 

Chlorine—Chlorine is provided by table salt (sodium chloride—NaCI) and by the foods that contain salt. Persons suffering from diseases of the heart, kidney, or liver, whose sodium intake is severely restricted by deleting table salt and such salty foods as cured meats, may need an alternative source of chloride a number of chloride-containing salt substitutes are available for this purpose. 

The chlorosulfonation of toluene by treatment with excess chlorosulfonic acid yields a mixture of the ortho and para sulfonyl chlorides, but the mixture may be separated by freezing out the solid p-isomer (see Chapter 4, p 37). Saccharin 25 contains an acidic hydrogen atom and is generally formulated as the sodium salt to increase water solubility. It is some 300 times sweeter than sucrose and is non-calorific so can be used by diabetics as a sugar substitute. A number of saccharin derivatives have been synthesized as potential sweetening agents (Chapter 6, ref. 33). 

Allylic substitutions catalysed by palladium NHC complexes have been studied and the activity and selectivity of the catalysts compared to analogous Pd phosphine complexes. A simple catalytic system involves the generation of a Pd(NHC) catalyst in situ in THF, from Pdj(dba)j, imidazolium salt and Cs COj. This system showed very good activities for the substitution of the allylic acetates by the soft nucleophilic sodium dimethyl malonate (2.5 mol% Pdj(dba)3, 5 mol% IPr HCl, 0.1 equiv. C (CO ), THF, 50°C) (Scheme 2.22). Generation of the malonate nncleophile can also be carried out in situ from the dimethyhnalonate pro-nucleo-phile, in which case excess (2.1 equivalents) of Cs COj was used. The nature of the catalytic species, especially the number of IPr ligands on the metal is not clear. 

Pagoria and co-workers synthesized a number of thermally stable explosives from the reaction of the sodium salt of ANTA with chloro-substituted arylenes and A-heterocycles. These include the synthesis of (117) from picryl ehloride, PRAN (118) from 2-chloro-3,5-dinitropyridine, IHNX (119) from 2,4-dichloro-5-nitropyrimidine, (120) from 1,5-dichloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, and (121) from 4-chloro-6-(3-nitro-l,2,4-triazolyl)-5-nitropyrimidine. Coburn and co-workers " reported the synthesis of the tetrazine (122) and the triazine (123) from the reaction of the sodium salt of ANTA with 3,6-dichlorotetrazine and cyanuric chloride respectively. 

Substituted benzyl chlorides were carbonylated using a Pd/tppts catalyst in aqueous/organic two phase systems under basic reaction conditions to afford the sodium salts of the corresponding phenylacetic acids. After acidification the phenylacetic acid dissolved in the organic phase and could be readily separated from the Pd/tppts catalyst contained in the aqueous phase (Figure 12) 466-468 TOFs up to 21 h 1 (turnover number, TON=165) and phenylacetic acid yields up to 94% were obtained at 70°C, 1 bar CO, tppts/Pd=10, NaOH/substrate=3/2 in an aqueous/toluene (1/1) two phase system in a batchwise procedure.466 The TOFs were improved to a maximum of 135 h 1 (TON=1560) in a continuous operation mode. Palladium catalysts modified with binas (Table 2 25) exhibited low catalytic activity (TONs up to 140) in the carbonylation of benzyl chloride 466 In strongly acidic media (pH=l) the Pd/25 catalyst was active and remained stable during the reaction which contrasts with Pd/tppts where palladium black was observed. However, the catalyst was completely deactivated after three cycles.466... 

The first 1,2,3-thiadiazole synthesized, 1,2,3-benzothiadiazole, was prepared by diazotiz-ation of o-aminothiophenol with nitrous acid (equation 31) (B-61MI42400), and recently sodium nitrite-acetic acid has been substituted for nitrous acid (B-79MI42400),. Another modification, thermal decomposition of diazonium acetate (34), affords benzothiadiazole in good yield in contrast to the variable yields usually experienced in the diazotization of o-aminothiophenols (equation 32) (78SST(5)43l). Benzothiadiazoles are also available directly from aromatic amines (equation 33) (70JCS(C)2250). Sulfur monochloride reacts with the amine to form a benzothiazothiolium salt which reacts with nitrous acid to yield a chlorinated 1,2,3-benzothiadiazole (35). This process, depending on the aromatic ring substitution, may afford a number of products, and yields are variable. 

A number of mixed macrocycles have been prepared. A template requirement has not been established unless the sodium ion serves to coordinate to sulfur and oxygen in the reaction of cyclic vicinal mercaptophenols or dithiols with equivalent proportions of terminal-substituted ether dichlorides in the presence of sodium hydroxide (109) and in the reaction of 1,2-dibromoethane with the disodium salt of 3-oxapentane-1,5-dithiol at high dilution (15). Macrocycles XCVI-XCVIII were prepared by the former route, and XCIX, in low yield due to extensive polymerization, by the latter. 

The sodium salts of the sulphonic acids of various indulines come into commerce under the names of Fast Blues, Blackley Blue, Indigo substitute, c. The diflerence of the various marks depends on the shade of the induline sulphonated and the number of sulpho-groups introduced. 

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