Salt substitute, sodium composite

Carter also quotes Le Que on the unsuitability of salt spray tests for sacriflcial coatings and comments on the failure of the latter investigator to place cadmium and zinc in the same order as in outdoor exposure. He makes the further point that the comparative performance of zinc and cadmium varies with the composition of the salt solution used for spraying. For example, the superiority of cadmium is lost when natural seawater (containing, e.g., magnesium salts also) is substituted for a pure sodium chloride solution. It is suggested that variations in relative performance may be explained by the nature of the corrosion products formed and the extent to which condensation occurs on the surface of the specimens. 

Optimal conditions for the precipitation of starch xanthate from sodium starch xanthate as the zinc salt have been determined as a xanthate degree of substitution greater than 0.02 and a zinc ion concentration in solution between 0.005 and 0.015 M. Other properties of the starch xanthates were also reported. Aqueous solutions of starch xanthate, butane-2,3-diol dixanthate and alkali-gelatinized starch have been treated with butane-2,3-diol diglycidyl ether and other diepoxides to produce viscous gels. Epoxy resins also reacted with xanthate to form viscous gels. Solids were precipitated from the gels and their compositions deduced from their elemental contents and infrared spectra. 

A unique whistling phenomenon can be produced by firmly pressing certain oxidizer-fuel mixtures into cardboard tubes and igniting the compositions. A detailed analysis of this phenomenon, from both a chemical and a physical view, has been published by Maxwell, and a more recent review of the whistle literature has also been published. Further whistle research has continued in efforts to fully understand the phenomenon. Without consolidation of the powder in a tube, whistle composition produces a rapid flash of light (in an explosive manner) and no whistlelike effect. The whistle effect is produced by compositions consisting of potassium chlorate or potassium perchlorate as the oxidizer, with a salt of benzoic acid or a substituted benzoic acid (e.g., potassium benzoate, sodium salicylate). 

Imitation milk—Imitation milks purport to substitute for and resemble milk. These products usually contain water, corn syrup solids, sugar, vegetable fat (coconut, soybean, cottonseed), and protein from soybean, fish, sodium caseinate, or other sources. Although imitation fluid milks do not contain dairy products as such, they may contain derivatives of milk such as casein, salts of casein, milk proteins other than casein, whey, and lactose. Sometimes vitamins A and/or D are added. Ingredient composition, and hence nutrient composition, vary widely. The American Academy of Pediatrics considers imitation milk products inappropriate for feeding infants and young children. 

The various examples that have just been presented show that it is possible, with limited experimental effort, to be able to prediet the evolution of the physical-chemical properties of liquid biological media or solid foods. It then becomes easy to be able to quickly calculate the elTeet of composition changes on the pH or the aw of the food, without going through tests expensive in time and money. Among the requests made by health authorities, the reduction of the quantities of sodium chloride has been included. The thermodynamics software allows us to quickly check the effect of such a reduction and to test the substitution of sodium chloride by potassium chloride or by any other salt or mixture of salts. It can be used to determine the optimal substitution rate which only requires the test of one or two solutions. Nonetheless, the most promising use of the thermodynamic model is its incorporation in process simulators. 

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