Atropa belladonna extract

Fig. 1 Reflectance scan of a chromatogram track of an Atropa belladonna extract (A) and of a reference track (B) with 200 ng of both atropine (1) and scopolamine (2).

In contrast to muscarine, atropine blocks these actions of acetylcholine and muscarine. Atropine is, therefore, an acetylcholine antagonist. It binds where acetylcholine binds and therefore prevents the binding of the latter but does not activate it. Two molecules cannot occupy the same binding site at the same time. Atropine is isolated from the plant Atropa belladonna. Extracts of this plant have been used for millennia for a variety of purposes. Although large doses are poisonous (Atropos is the name of the Fate who cuts the thread of life), small doses causes dilation of the pupils, a consequence of its action as an acetylcholine antagonist, and has been used for cosmetic purposes by women, hi Itahan, belladonna means beautiful woman. 

Atropa Belladonna Linn. Leaves, 0-4 roots, 0-5 seeds, 0-8 whole plant, 0-2 to 1-0 h5mscyamine with some hyoscine atropine has been found but may have resulted from racemisation during extraction apoatropine and possibly belladonnine (Kreitmair Atropa bcetica. Leaves, 0-82-1-06 roots, 0-94 fruit, 1-09 hyoscyamine and atropine. 

By extraction of Solanacean drugs, especially Atropa belladonna, Hyoscyamus niger or other species. On careful extraction L-hyoscyamine is obtained first, which can be racemized to atropine by addition of alkali in ethanolic solution. 

The base-catalysed racemization of the alkaloid (-)-hy oscy amine to ( )-hyoscyamine (atropine) is an example of enolate anion participation. Alkaloids are normally extracted from plants by using base, thus liberating the free alkaloid bases from salt combinations. (—)-Hyoscyamine is found in belladonna Atropa belladonna) and stramonium Datura stramonium) and is used medicinally as an anticholinergic. It competes with acetylcholine for the muscarinic site of the parasympathetic nervous system, thus preventing the passage of nerve impulses. However, with careless extraction using too much base the product isolated is atropine, which has only half the biological activity of (—)-hyoscyamine, since the enantiomer (+)-hyoscyamine is essentially inactive. 

Heterocycles which are not biosynthesized in humans, but which are natural products produced by other life forms, are very important in the history of drug design. This is particularly true of alkaloids containing a piperidine ring. These include coniine (8.87, extracted from poison hemlock, Conium maculatum, a member of the Umbelliferae carrot family), atropine (from Atropa belladonna and other genera of the Solanaceae plant family the plant was called belladonna [ beautiful woman ] since it was used by... 

Dimitrov, K., Metcheva, D. and Boyadzhiev, L. (2005) Integrated processes of extraction and liquid membrane isolation of atropine from Atropa belladonna roots. Separation and Purification Technology, 46, 41. 

A rapid and sensetive RIA procedure has been developed for the quantitation of atropine and hyoscyamine from unpurified ethanolic extracts of Atropa belladonna (153). 

Atropine is the racemic form of the alkaloid /-hyoscyamine. The latter is a common tropane alkaloid found in solanaceous plants, such as belladonna (Atropa belladonna), henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), and the deadly nightshade (Datura stramonium). During extraction, Z-hyoscyamine is readily racemized to atropine, which does not occur naturally in more than traces. 

Since chemical synthesis of tropane alkaloids is difficult and expensive, these compounds are still extracted from plants belonging to several species of Solanaceae family including, Hyoscyamuns niger L., Anisodus tanguticus, Scopolia tangutica Maxim, Atropa belladonna, and several Datura species. 

In Atropa belladonna, Datura stramonium, etc. Probably formed by racemisation of 1-hyoscy-amine during extraction. Cryst. M.p. 118° (114r-15°). Sol. to 68% in EtOH at 25°, to 6% in EtjO at 25°, to 64% in CHCU at 23°. Spar. sol. HjO. Insol. pet. ether. Optically inactive. Strong base. Used in medicine as a mydriatic. 

Hyoscyamine and its racemic form atropine (extracted from Hyoscyamus niger, Atropa belladonna, and Mandragora officinarum), scopolamine (a co-product of hyoscyamine in Datura plants), cocaine (isolated from Erytroxylon coca), and calystegine (isolated from Solanum tuberosum) are tropane alkaloids that have widespread pharmacological use [38, 39], Atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine... 

The leaves and roots of Atropa belladonna (Solanaceae) are known as Belladonna leaves and Belladonna roots, and are used as medicine in the form of extracts. These materials are also used as materials for the manufacture of atropine sulfate. Other alkaloids isolated from belladonna include (—)-hyoscyainine and (—)-scopolamine. Atropine is derived from (—)-hyoscyamine by racemization of its tropic acid ester moiety. 

Atropine [a mixture of R) and (i l-hyoscyamine], usually obtained from Atropa belladonna or from Hyoscyamus or Duboisia species (all Solanaceae), is formed from hyoscyamine in the process of extraction. Atropine is a potent anticholinergic drug that is sometimes used as an antidote for... 

Organic chemicals have also been used in an unethical manner. The plant Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade) has been used for centuries as a poison. The plant extract is a deadly, but the poison isolated, found to be atropine (8) is not produced by the plant, but produced from a natural alkaloid by the acid-base extraction procedure used for isolation. 

CE-ESTTOE-MS was successfully applied to analyze mixtures of unknown tropane alkaloids. Seven alkaloids (tropine, belladonnine, norhyoscyamine, apoatropine, hyoscyamine, 6(3-hydroxyhyoscyamine, and scopolamine) were simultaneously identified in a pharmaceutical preparation of Atropa belladonna leaf extract by TOE-MS by matching their mass accuracy and true isotopic pattern. CE-ESTIT-MS was used to discriminate the putative presence of littorine. Optimal separation conditions were achieved with 60 mM ammonium acetate buffer at pH 8.5 containing 5 % isopropanol [116]. 

Atropine, extracted from the plant Atropa belladonna, has been used in the treatment of bradycardia (low heart rate) and cardiac arrest. Draw the enantiomer of atropine ... 

Galenical preparations such as tinctures, dried extracts, and mixtures of Atropa belladonna, Hyoscyamm niger, and Datura stramonium, still find clinical use, but most physicians prefer the pure alkaloids. Scopolamine (5), which is (-)-hyoscine, is more active than (-l-)-hyoscine, while the anticholinergic affects of atropine are almost entirely due to (—)-hyoscyamine (6) which forms 50 per cent of the natural racemate. 

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