Salmon DNA

Hybridization solution (10 x SSC, 2 x Denhardt s, 200 /ig/mL chloroform extracted salmon DNA) (Sigma). 

Figure 5-6. Agarose gel illustrates the cleavage reactions of calf thymus DNA and salmon DNA hy qinghaosu or artemether and ferrous ion at 37 °C for 12 hours in a phosphate buffer...

Figure 101, MIKE/CAD spectra of mjz 126 ion from salmon DNA (lower) compared to mjz 126 ion produced from authentic 5-methyldeoxycytidine sample (upper) [251].

Intermediate Repetitious DNA. Examination of the renaturation kinetics of salmon sperm DNA shows that at least 80 percent of it consists of repeated sequences (Britten and Kohne, 1968). The fact that the reassociation of these sequences occurs over a large range of C t values suggests that the degree of repetition must vary perhaps between 100 and 100,000. Thermal stability studies of fractions of salmon DNA with different C t values show that there is a broad spectrum in the degree of divergence that has occurred in these families of sequences. 

Forty percent of bovine DNA is in the intermediate fraction, but the average repetition frequency is high (about 10 repeats), so there are relatively fewer families of sequences (Britten and Kohne, 1968 Britten and Smith, 1969). The mouse has only 20 percent of the DNA represented in the intermediate fraction. In this case the size of families varies from 100 to 100,000 repetitions (Britten and Kohne, 1968), which is similar to that found in salmon DNA. Half of human DNA is repetitious, the frequency of repetition varying from 10 to 10 (Britten, 1968). However, the sequences with the highest repetition frequency in human DNA may be present in those satellite components that are observed by density gradient centrifugation (Corneo et al., 1970a). 

Experiments on calf, Necturus and salmon DNA similar to those described in the section on phage DNA (p. 159), indicate that repeating sequences of one family are arranged in tandem (Thomas et al., 1970). The DNA of these organisms was sheared to... 

Fig. 2 Illustration of salmon as an edible meat and as a source of natural biomaterials (salmon DNA)...

Fig. 3 Illustration of purifying steps of salmon DNA from its frozen milt and roe sacs...

Using the data in Table 11.3, arrange the DNAs from the following sources in order of increasing human, salmon, wheat, yeast, E. coli. 

A large and rapidly growing number of clinical trials (phase I and phase II) evaluating the potential of DNA vaccines to treat and prevent a variety of human diseases are currently being performed ( http // clinicaltrials.gov) however, there is yet no licensed DNA vaccine product available for use in humans. The clinical trials include the treatment of various types of cancers (e.g., melanoma, breast, renal, lymphoma, prostate, and pancreas) and also the prevention and therapy of infectious diseases (e.g., HIV/ABDS, malaria, Hepatitis B vims, Influenza vims, and Dengue vims). So far, no principally adverse effects have been reported from these trials. The main challenge for the development of DNA vaccines for use in humans is to improve the rather weak potency. DNA vaccines are already commercially available for veterinary medicine for prevention of West Nile Vims infections in horses and Infectious Hematopoetic Necrosis Vims in Salmon. 

Figure 5.65 LC-UV and LC-MS-MS (multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM)) traces from the analysis of a enzymatically digested solution of 100 p,g salmon testes DNA (for nomenclature, see text). Reprinted by permission of Elsevier Science from Comparison of negative- and positive-ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry for the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of oxidized deoxynucleosides , by Hua, Y., Wainhaus, S. B., Yang, Y., Shen, L., Xiong, Y., Xu, X., Zhang, F., Bolton, J. L. and van Breemen, R. B., Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry, Vol. 12, pp. 80-87, Copyright 2000 by the American Society for Mass Spectrometry.

Taken from ref 3. Results with calf thymus DNA are reported to be similar to those with salmon testes DNA. 

Measured with sheared salmon testes DNA at buffered to a pH of 7.4 with 20 mM tris HCl. 21 °C in 2% ethanol Taken from ref. 3. 

An alternative efficient approach to disperse CNTs relies on the use of synthetic peptides. Peptides were designed to coat and solubilise the CNTs by exploiting a noncovalent interaction between the hydrophobic face of amphiphilic helical peptides and the graphitic surface of CNTs (Dieckmann et al., 2003 Zoibas et al., 2004 Dalton et al., 2004 Arnold et al., 2005). Peptides showed also selective affinity for CNTs and therefore may provide them with specifically labelled chemical handles (Wang et al., 2003). Other biomolecules, such as Gum Arabic (GA) (Bandyopadhyaya et al., 2002), salmon sperm DNA, chondroitin sulphate sodium salt and chitosan (Zhang et al., 2004 Moulton et al., 2005), were selected as surfactants to disperse CNTs (Scheme 2.1). 

A critical property of minimum protocells in the prebiotic environment would be their ability to sequester other molecules, including macromolecules. [142] In 1982, Deamer and Barchfeld [143] subjected phospholipid vesides to dehydration-rehydration cycles in the presence of either monomeric 6-carboxyfluorescein molecules or polymeric salmon sperm DNA molecules as extraneous solutes. The experiment modeled a prebiotic tidal pool containing dilute dispersions of phospholipids in the presence of external solutes, with the dehydration-rehydration cydes representing episodic dry and wet eras. They found that the vesides formed after rehydration... 

Dilute 4 to 5 (ig of DNA into 0.1 ml of 250mM CaCb, Carrier DNA such as salmon sperm or empty plasmid can be used to make up the amount if the DNA is less than 4 to 5 jxg. 

Sonicated and denatured salmon sperm DNA (or other anionic maCTomolecules) may be used to reduce nonspecific probe interaction and electrostatic forces. The latter also may be reduced with dextran sulfate. High-stringency (low-sodium) hybridization ensures that complete complementarity will characterize the probe-target hybrid. 

Hybridization solntion (Boehringer Mannheim) Deionized formamide 20X SSC lOOX Denhardt solntion 10 mg/mL Salmon sperm DNA 10% SDS. 

Add 2 ng/pL digoxigenin-labeled oligo probe into the following hybridization solution 50% deionized formamide, 10 mL 20X SSC, lOX (final concentration) lOOX Denhardt solution, 1 mg/mL (final concentration) 10 mg/mL salmon sperm DNA, 1% (final concentration) 10% SDS. 

We have purified natural double-strand DNA from salmon testes, in which anionic DNA complexes with cationic proteins of protamine. After mincing salmon testes, the homogenized solution was treated with protease in order... 

A DNA-lipid complex was prepared by simply mixing two aqueous solutions of DNA and cationic lipids as follows. An aqueous solution of DNA Na" from salmon testes (ca. 30 000 bps or 500 bps) and an aqueous solution of 1.1 eq. mol of cationic amphiphiles were mixed at room temperature and... 

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