Salinity history

Knauth LP (1998) Salinity History of the Earth s Early Ocean. Nature 395 554... 

Broecker, W.S. (1990) Salinity history in the Northern Atlantic during the last deglaciation. Paleoceano-graphy, 5, 459 167. 

The relevance of the remarks on sulfur content is that, for reasons explained above, it is usually a valid index of the salinity of the environments of deposition. It was remarked earlier that the Eastern and Interior provinces have experienced different temperature/pressure/time histories. It should be added that coals of the Rocky Mountain, Pacific and Alaskan provinces most probably experienced yet further sets of conditions of metamorphism a locally increased geothermal gradient that produced relatively high temperatures at relatively low depths of burial and hence at relatively low pressures of overburden. 

Klochko K, Kaufman AJ, Yao W, Byrne RH, Tossell JA (2006) Experimental measurement of boron isotope fractionation in seawater. Earth Planet Sci Lett 248 276-285 Kloppmann Girard NSgrel P (2002) Exotic stable isotope composition of saline waters and brines from the crystalline basement. Chem Geol 184 49-70 Knauth LP (1988) Origin and mixing history of brines, Palo Duro Basin, Texas, USA, Applied Geochemistry 3 455 74... 

Knauth LP, Beeunas MA (1986) Isotope geochemistry of fluid inclusions in Permian hahte with implications for the isotopic history of ocean water and the origin of saline formation waters. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 50 419 33... 

The short history of electro dialysis to date provides several notable examples of field operation where substantial polarization-induced precipitation was encountered after apparently successful laboratory tests. For these reasons it is our firm conclusion that the only conclusive test of the mechanical and electromechanical adequacy of membrane-spacer combinations is operation on natural saline waters under field conditions over periods of several months and without recourse to recirculation. By such field tests the suitability of Nepton CR-61 and Nepton AR-111A on 4-ounce dynel has now been demonstrated. 

Walker Lake. Walker Lake, located in west-central Nevada, is a remnant of pluvial Lake Lahontan, which, at its high stand, had a depth of 280 meters (21). Walker Lake is the terminus of the Walker River. Although its salinity is only 30% that of seawater, its sulfate concentration is identical to that of seawater (0.028 mol/L). The Walker Lake samples represent 300,000 years of depositional history (Yang, unpublished report). Preliminary interpretations of paleontological and mineralogical data (Benson and Spencer, written communication) suggest that lake levels have fluctuated. 

Folk R.L. (1974) The natural history of crystalline calcium carbonate Effect of magnesium content and salinity. J. Sediment. Petrol. 44,40-53. 

One important problem in determining efficacy of treatment seems to be the choice of the type of control. While in most cases the same volume of saline is injected into the intervertebral disk as a control 96], little or no rf ia are available that compare the effect of chymopapain treatment with the natural history of the disease [97]. This problem was discussed in an editorial in the Lancet in 1986 [98]. However, a number of studies have been published that compare chemonucleolysis with traditional surgical disc removal [99-1021. These studies indicate that surgical disc removal has an equal or slightly better overall success rate than chemonucleolysis. It has been argued that if chymopapain treatment fails, subsequent surgery may be less successful, especially if the operation Is delayed [103], but recent results indicate that this is not the case [104],... 

Vodyanitsky BA (1948) Main water exchange and history of salinity formation in the Black Sea. In Transactions of the Sevastopol biological station, vol 6. (in Russian)... 

The Black Sea (Flandrian) transgressive stage. The Holocene transgression of the Black Sea represents the terminal stage of its Quaternary history and its transformation into a modern freshened marine basin inhabited by euryhaline Mediterranean fauna its salinity is about 18%o in the open part of the sea, 7- 12%o in semi-enclosed bays and lagoons, and up to 20-22%o in abyssal layers. 

Patients with a reported history of allergic responses to ester and amide anesthetics pose a challenge, especially when regional anesthesia is necessary. Two alternatives may be considered when minor ophthalmic surgical procedures are performed. A 1% solution of diphenhydramine may be prepared by diluting the 5% solution (Benadryl Steri-Vials) with sterile saline. Additionally, injecting preserved sterile saline alone has been shown to be effective for superficial surgical procedures such as papilloma removal and shave biopsies. 

---