Safety, ICAO

Ron Westrum (1996), Human Factors Experts Beginning to Focus on Organizational Factors in Safety, ICAO Journal, Vol. 51, October, pp. 6-8, 26. 

Health and Safety Factors. Dimethyl malonate and diethyl malonate do not present any specific danger of health ha2ard if handled with the usual precautions. Nevertheless, inhalation and skin contact should be avoided. Dimethyl malonate has a LD q (oral, rats) of 4520 mg/kg and is classified as nonirritant (skin irritation, rabbits). Diethyl malonate has an LD q (oral, rats) greater than 5000 mg/kg and is also classified as nonirritant (skin irritation, rabbits). Transport classification for both esters is RID/ADR 3, IMDH-Code, lATA-ICAO not restricted. 

Health and Safety Factors. Handling of cyanoacetic acid and cyanoacetates do not present any specific danger or health hazard if handled with the usual precautions. Cyanoacetic acid is classified as a moderate irritant (skin irritation, rabbits) and has an LD q (oral, rats) of 1500 mg/kg. Methyl and ethyl cyanoacetate are both classified as slight irritants (skin irritation, rabbits) and have an LD q (oral, rats) of 3062 and 2820 mg/kg, respectively. Transport classification cyanoacetic acid RID/ADR 8 IMDG-Code 8 lATA/ICAO 6.1. Methyl and ethyl cyanoacetate RID/ADR 6.1 IMDG-Code 6.1 lATA/ICAO 6.1. 

Health and Safety Factors. Malononitrile is usually available as a soHdifted melt in plastic-Hned dmms. Remelting has to be done carefully because spontaneous decomposition can occur at elevated temperatures, particularly above 100°C, in the presence of impurities such as alkaHes, ammonium, and 2inc salts. Melting should be carried out by means of a water bath and only shordy before use. Occupational exposure to malononitrile mainly occurs by inhalation of vapors and absorption through the skin. Malononitrile has a recommended workplace exposure limit of 8 mg/m, an LD q (oral, rats) of 13.9 mg/kg, and is classified as slight irritant (skin irritation, rabbits). Transport classification RID/ADR 61, IMDG-Code 6.1, lATA/ICAO 6.1. 

Hazard Class 3.3 Packing group III Transport Safety Air (ATA/ICAO)... 

Graeber, R. C. (1994), Integrating Human Factors Knowledge into Automated Flight Deck Design, Invited presentation at the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Fhght Safety tmd Human Factors. Seminar (Amsterdam, May 18). 

Helmreich, R. L., and Sherman, P. (1994), Fhghtcrew Perspective on Automation A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Report of the Seventh ICAO Flight Safety and Human Factors Regional Seminar, Montreal, Canada International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), pp. 442-453. 

Dangerous goods. Articles or substances which are capable of posing a significant risk to health, safety or property when transported by air and which are classified according to Part 2, Chapters 1 to 10. ICAO 1-3.1... 

Fuse, Safety Article consisting of a core of fine grained black powder surrounded by a flexible woven fabric with one or more protective outer coverings. When ignited, it bums at a predetermined rate without any external explosive effect. UN App. B, ICAO A2, lATA App. A... 

Matches, Safety. Matches, contained in a book, card or box, which are only ignited when struck on a prepared surface. ICAO A2... 

In some industries, the safety control structure is called the safety management system (SMS). In civil aviation, ICAO (International Civil Aviation Authority) has created standards and recommended practices for safety management systems and individual countries have strongly recommended or required certified air carriers to establish such systems in order to control organizational factors that contribute to accidents. 

Safety Management System (SMS) is an ICAO recommendation and soon to be an EASA requirement for the helicopter operators. 

ICAO 2002. International Civil Aviation Organisation Line Operations Safety Audit (Doc 9803 AN/761). Montreal International Civil Aviation Organisatioa Institute of Medicine 2000. To Err is Human Building a Safer Health System. 

Commercial aviation provides an example. International guidelines define how the complexities of aviation operations help achieve safety for employees and travelers. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) publishes a wide range of standards related to aviation, including aircraft, pilots, operations, and other elements of aviation. The standards include safety management. A recent ICAO... 

Safety Management Manual, Document 9859, 2nd ed., ICAO, Montreal, Quebec, 2009. 

The models for safety management systems differ somewhat One model is that of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). For some time it has required safety management systems in the management of aviation systems by member companies. Its model incorporates three principles ... 

ICAO publishes several documents to help aviation organizations implement a safety management system. 

International transport processes are particularly significant with respect to protecting cargo. Security and safety are assiued by relevant organisations. Actions related to maritime transport are carried out by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) air transport is covered by the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) and the International Air Transport Association (lATA). 

The human factors information available to the aviation safety irrvestigator uses terms that are well-known to anyone who has seen the graphical depictions of Reason s Model. The versions presented in Figures 3.1 and 3.2 of this chapter are contained in the ICAO Manual of Human Factors Investigation. The representations are powerful depictions of how accidents happen. An unsafe act is depicted as an active failure. 

The aviation industry has been successful in improving world-wide aviation safety in part because of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Established in 1944 in Chicago, when 52 nations signed the Convention on International Civil Aviation (the Chicago Convention ), today ICAO has 189 member states. With the exponential development of international civil aviation after World War II, ICAO developed international standards and recommended practices to facilitate and coordinate this development. 

Questions such as whether a defect had safety implications, and the increasing frequency of defects, were matters for the Safety Department (ICAO, 1984). So what was the Safety Department doing ... 

None of these should be controversial (Safety Management Systems are about to be mandated in Australia, in CASR 119, and are shortly to be the subject of an ICAO Manual Doc 9859) and all have been demonstrated to reduce the potential for the recurrence of accidents similar to that involving the Ansett Dash 8. 

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) (2002), Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA) , ICAO Doc 9803AN/76I. 

International Civil Aviation Organization. 2007, Inly. ICAO global safety plan. http //www. icao.int/WACAF/AFIRAN08 Doc/gasp en.pdf, downloaded May 16, 2014. 

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