Rubberized explosives

Uses Amyl alcohol is produced during the fermentation of grains, potatoes, and beets. It is produced during the acid hydrolysis of petroleum fraction. Application of amyl alcohol in industries is very large including manufacturing of lacquers, paints, varnishes, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, plastics, rubber, explosives, hydraulic fluids, extraction of fats, and petroleum refinery industries. 

Cellulose articles Drugs, toilet preparations Tires, tubes, rubber Explosives Synthetic fiber Molasses residual Soap, cleaning compounds Matches... 

Picric acid if stored in bulk should, for safety, first be damped. Smaller quantities may be safely kept whilst dry, but should be stored in bottles having cork or rubber stoppers glass stoppers should never be used for potentially explosive substances, because on replacing the stopper some of the material may be ground between the neck of the flask and the stopper, and so caused to explode. 

Hard rubber presents a fire hazard when reduced on steam-heated rolls (see subsection Organic Polymers ). Its dust is explosive [Twiss and McGowan, India Rtwber]., 107, 292 (1944)]. 

For very many years it has been common practice to improve the electrical conductivity of plastics and rubbers by the incorporation of certain additives like special grades of carbon black. Such materials were important, for example, in hospital operating theatres where it was essential that static charges did not build up, leading to explosions involving anaesthetics. 

Chemicals are ubiquitous as air, carbohydrates, enzymes, lipids, minerals, proteins, vitamins, water, and wood. Naturally occurring chemicals are supplemented by man-made substances. There are about 70000 chemicals in use with another 500-1000 added each year. Their properties have been harnessed to enhance the quality of life, e.g. cosmetics, detergents, energy fuels, explosives, fertilizers, foods and drinks, glass, metals, paints, paper, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, plastics, rubber, solvents, textiles thus chemicals are found in virtually all workplaces. Besides the benefits, chemicals also pose dangers to man and the environment. For example ... 

Explosive reactions can occur between oxygen and a wide range of chemicals including organic compounds (such as acetone, acetylene, secondary alcohols, hydrocarbons), alkali and alkaline earth metals, ammonia, biological specimens previously anaesthetized with ether, hydrogen and foam rubber. 

The main uses of toluene are as a solvent in paints, rubber, and plastic cements and as a feedstock in the manufacture of organic chemicals, explosives, detergents, and polyurethane foams. Xylenes (which exist as three isomers) are used in the manufacture of DMT, alkyd resins, and plasticizers. Naphthalene is mainly used in the manufacture of dyes, pharmaceuticals, insect repellents, and phthalic anhydride (used in the manufacture of alkyd resins, plasticizers, and polyester). 

Chemical Reactivity - Reactivity with Water No reaction Reactivity with Common Materials Attacks rubber and most fibrous materials. May cause ignition of organic materials such as wood. Some acids, such as sulfuric acid, may result in explosion Stability During Transport Stable Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics Not pertinent Polymerization Not pertinent Inhibitor of Polymerization Not pertinent. 

About two-thirds of the N2 produced industrially is supplied as a gas, mainly in pipes but also in cylinders under pressure. The remaining one-third is supplied as liquid N2 since this is also a very convenient source of the dry gas. The main use is as an inert atmosphere in the iron and steel industry and in many other metallurgical and chemical processes where the presence of air would involve fire or explosion hazards or unacceptable oxidation of products. Thus, it is extensively used as a purge in petrochemical reactors and other chemical equipment, as an inert diluent for chemicals, and in the float glass process to prevent oxidation of the molten tin (p. 370). It is also used as a blanketing gas in the electronics industry, in the packaging of processed foods and pharmaceuticals, and to pressurize electric cables, telephone wires, and inflatable rubber tyres, etc. 

Explosives Nonfenous Mcials Synihciic Rubber Storage Batteries... 

Chlorkalzium, n. calcium chloride, -rohr, n., -rohre, /. calcium chloride tube. -rShrchen, n. (small) calcium chloride tube. Chlor-kautschuk, m. A n. chlorinated rubber, -knallgas, n. chlorine detonating gas (an explosive mixture of chlorine and hydrogen). 

This activity expanded greatly during World War II. Refiners, snch as Jersey Standard, Sun Oil, Shell, and Sacony-Vacuum, pioneered the mass production of advanced and strategically critical petrochemicals including butadiene for use as raw-material for synthetic rubber, toluene for m advanced explosives, as well as high-octane motor fuel and aviation gasoline. 

The most recent major expln in a US TNT plant occurred in May 1974 at the Radford Army Ammunition Plant. The accident completely destroyed one of the three continuous nitration lines at the plant. According to the AMC News, Sept 1974, the investigation board reported that an operator inadvertently introduced a 5 to 6-foot rubber hose to clean out unwanted material that had collected in a transfer line leading to the nitrator, when the hose was pulled from his hands into the nitrator. This resulted in a rapid temp rise and subsequent explosion. The hose was commonly used in this manner . The material causing the blockage in the transfer line was believed to be an oxidation product of TNT, 2,2 -dicarboxy-3,3, 5,5,-tetra-nitroazoxybenzene, also referred to as White Compound. The introduction of the rubber hose caused a rapid, exothermic oxidation reaction between the hose material and the mixed acid present. The heat generated by this reaction caused a local acceleration of the normal nitration/oxidation reactions which occur in the nitrator until a critical temp was reached, at which point rapid oxidation of DNT/TNT proceeded as a runaway reaction, igniting the material present in the vessel. 

In recent years PETN sheet explosive, consisting of PETN in a rubber-like elastic matrix, has found considerable use in metal-forming, metalcladding and metal-hardening. Physical expl characteristics of rubber-bonded sheet expl are described by W. Kegler R. Schall (Ref 45, p 496), by Kegler (Ref 59), and in Refs 30c,... 

Fig 9 Density effect of stretched and unstretched explosives curves 1—3 refer to unstressed sheets 1 = 15% natural rubber, 2 = 15% depolymerized rubber, 3 = 20% depolymerized rubber. Curve 4 refers to a stretched 15% rubber containing explosive of 1,4g/cc initial density (Ref 45)... 

There is also an as-yet small but growing class of formulations known as PBX Plastic Bonded Explosive. PBXs are similar to rubber-base, composite rocket proplnts in that they consist of 85% or so of powdered high-energy explosive incorporated into a plastic matrix (which can be a conventional plastic or a double-base) and cast into place. 

N)3C.CH2.CH2.Br mw 258.0 N 16.29% OB to C02 —12.40% yel liq. Prepn is by reacting powd Ag -y-trinitrobutyrate and bromine in carbon tetrachloride. The bromide burns rapidly and can be deton with a hammer blow Refs 1) Beil, not found 2) Anon, Synthesis of New Explosives Propellants , Quarterly Progress Rept No 7, US Rubber Co, Passaic, Contract Nord 10129.(1949), 10 11... 

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