High energy explosive

Pentaerythritol tetranitrate is a high energy explosive that is used as a pressed base charge in blasting caps and detonators, as the core explosive in commercial detonating cord, and as the main explosive ingredient in sheet explosives. It is also mixed in various proportions with TNT to form the less sensitive pentoHtes, eg, PETN 50/TNT 50. PETN is easily initiated, its responses are reproducible, and it is readily available (144—146). 

Fig. 2. High energy explosive molecules (a) PYX (b) nitroheterocycles (1) 3,6-dinitro-j -tetra2ine and (2) 2,4,6-trinitro-j -tria2ine (c) ONC (d) TNAZ (e)...

The shock pressures attainable with direct explosive contact depend on the shock impedance (shock velocity times material density) of the specimen material, and on the explosive energy of the contacting explosive. High-energy explosives placed directly on high-shock impedance materials can produce shock pressures of several tens of GPa. 

The development of high-energy explosives in the nineteenth centuiy corresponded to a period of great... 

Rothenstein, Development of New High Energy Explosive Compositions (u), , Aerojet General Corp, Azusa, Calif, Report No 1174-81-Y1 (Conf), NOL Contract No N609210670C-0365 (17 July 1967 to 17 July 1968) 9) W. Selig, USAt-... 

There is also an as-yet small but growing class of formulations known as PBX Plastic Bonded Explosive. PBXs are similar to rubber-base, composite rocket proplnts in that they consist of 85% or so of powdered high-energy explosive incorporated into a plastic matrix (which can be a conventional plastic or a double-base) and cast into place. 

An attempt to formylate phenol by heating a mixture with nitromethane and aluminium chloride in an autoclave under carbon monoxide at 100 bar pressure at 110°C led to a high-energy explosion after 30 min. 

The propagating blast wave at any instant in time extends over a limited radial distance as the shock/prcssure front travels outward from the explosion. The pressure is largest at the front and trails off to ambient over a distance, L, the blast wave length. Values of L for high energy explosives can be obtained from I M 5-1300. In the low pressure range, the length of the blast wave can be approximated bv ... 

Polynitro derivatives of pentacyclo[5.4.0.0 .0 °.0 ]undecane have attracted interest as potential high-energy explosives. Molecular strain in this caged system could arise from both the constrained norbomyl moiety and the cyclobutane ring. Additional strain would be expected from nonbonding interactions if the S-endo and 1 l-endo positions were substituted with gm-dinitro groups. 

All this remains pure speculation and, in science, it is important to be cautious. 1 have nevertheless chosen to discuss the case of these very-high-energy explosions because it does illustrate some of the trends in contemporary astrophysics. In particular, it exemplifies the spectacular entry on stage of the black hole, which 1 personally regard with a dark eye. 

Polynitro derivatives of monocychc aromatic systems (trinitrobenzene, trinitrotoluene, tetranitro-iV-methylaniline, trinitrophenol, etc.) have long been used as explosives [1]. It has been found that a series of polynitroderivatives of biphenyl, diphenylmethane and 1,2-diphenylethylene (stilbene) are explosives liable to detonate on grinding or impact [2]. The same may be true of other polynitro derivatives of polycyclic systems not normally used as explosives (e.g. polynitro-fluorenones, -carbazoles, etc. Penta- and hexa-nitrobenzophenones are also high-energy explosives [3]. The thermal stability of 33 polynitroaromatics was studied by DTA [4]. Two empirical equations relating the heat of decomposition to the heat of detonation have been developed and used to calculate the heats of detonation for 47 polynitroaryl compoimds [5]. 

Figure 13.7 Electropherograms showing the simultaneous measurement of low- and high-energy explosives as recorded with the (a) conductivity and (b) amperometric detectors. Analytes, ammonium (1), methylammonium (2), sodium (3), TNB (4), TNT (5), 2,4-DNB (6), and 2-Am-4,6-DNB (7), system peak (SP). Explosive concentration, 2 mM (1,2,3) and 15 ppm (4,5,6,7). Conditions MES/His buffer (20 mM, pH 6.1) containing 15 mM lithium dodecyl sulfate as the run buffer separation field strength, +250 V/cm injection field strength, +250 V/cm for 2 s detection at 200 kHz, (a) 5 Vp p and at (b) —0.5 V. (Reprinted in part with permission from [34]. Copyright 2002 American Chemical Society.)...

HEX (High Energy Explosive). Two types of these expl compns, HEX-24 and HEX-48 are described in Ref 2, pp 164-69 Origin The development of slow-burning ... 

Ireco Chemicals High Energy Explosive Compositions and Method of Preparation... 

Aluminum Trichloride, Nitromethane, and Carbon Monoxide. Formulation of phenol in the presence of nitromethane and aluminum chloride in a bomb at 100 bar and 100°C resulted in a high-energy explosion.3... 

Nitro = ac/-nitro tautomerism occupies a special role as it has been speculated to occur under conditions where high energy explosives detonate. It has been proposed as one of the important initial steps responsible for the cascade of reactions leading to the high energy release during detonation [1], Nitro = aci-nitro tautomerism in nitro compounds RjCH-NO leads to nitronic acids, R2C=N(0)OH. Kinetic studies show similar pKa values for nitronic acids and their carbon counterparts, the carboxylic acids [1]. Nitroalkane = nitronic acid tautomerism has been assumed not to be an acid-catalyzed process because of the poor basicity of N02 group [4]. However, recent work by Erden et al. showed that this tautomerism can, in fact, be achieved under acid catalyzed... 

While many non-metallic, non-polar materials are transparent to THz radiation, many target compounds have characteristic THz spectra that can be used as a fingerprint for identification. While crystalline, high energy explosives have characteristic THz fingerprint spectra that can be used to identify these threats, home-made NH4N03 bombs could pose a change to THz security applications because these materials can have featureless THz spectra below 3 THz. 

The imidazolinone shown in Sch. 25 has been dimerized by irradiating in acetone [37]. The fe-urea substituted cyclobutane that was obtained has been further modified to produce several high energy explosives. The most energetic product is the nitrourea shown. It is hydrolytically and thermally stable, but sensitive to impact. 

Hess, upsetting test according to 362 HETRO = cast-granulated mixtures of RDX, TNT and additives (swiss) HEX = high energy explosive (USA)... 

Abbreviation for high energy explosive. The FIEX series comprises modifications of- Torpex. 

NINHT is a high-energy explosive with a high degree of insensitivity, and stability. It may be used with satisfactory results in explosive compositions and rocket propellants, and it can act as a flash suppressant in military gunpowders. NINHT is inexpensive to manufacture, and it shows a remarkable future in high performance gun propellants. 

HEX-24 HEX-48 High Energy Explosives developed at Picatinny Arsenal as pressed charges for small caliber projectiles [See AMCP 706-177(1971), pp 164-69]... 

In searching for high energy explosives the reactions were c.xamined between difiuoroamino compounds and... 

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