Rubber farmers

But stove oil, if not carefully used, left an oily flavor in carrots. Synthetic rubber reduced the need for guayule. Fuel oil prices had advanced to a level that almost prohibited their use for weed control. The future of oil in the herbicide field was in doubt. Yet farmers needed oil sprays for their irrigation systems, which were infesting their fields with weeds, and for their fence lines, which were harboring thrips and other insects and diseases. These problems of research were undertaken by the agricultural experiment stations in California, Massachusetts, New York, and other states. 

Farmer, E.H., Bloomfield, G.F., Sundralingam, A., Sutton, D.A. 1942. The course and mechanism of auto-oxidation reactions in olefinic and polyolefinic substances, including rubber. 

The most thoroughly investigated oxidative degradation is that of natural rubber. In 1943 Farmer and Sundralingham found that in the photochemical oxidation of this polymer a hydroperoxide is formed, the number of double bonds in the chain remaining constant. The oxygen was found to act on an activated methylene group, not on a double bond, as had previously been assumed. 

Bakers (flour dust) farmers (hay mold) spice and enzyme workers printers (arabic gum) chemical workers (azo dyes, anthraquinone, ethylenediamine, toluene diisocyanates, polyvinyl chloride) plastics, rubber, and wood workers (formaldehyde, western cedar, dimethylethanolamine, anhydrides)... 

Asphalt workers rubber, aluminum, iron, steel, and tire factory workers and people working in the coke-producing industries are also at risk for potential exposure to coal tar pitch and coal tar pitch volatiles. They may breathe in vapors from or have direct skin contact with wood-preservation solutions, freshly treated wood, asphalt mixtures, or other products of coke-producing industries. Workers who use creosote-treated wood in building fences, bridges, or railroad tracks or installing telephone poles may be exposed those who inspect or maintain these materials, or apply asphalt or other coal tar pitch-containing materials, may also be exposed. Homeowners, farmers, or landscapers who apply coal tar creosote to wood in noncommercial... 

The Ohio farmer does exhibit respect for pesticides of different toxicity levels. An example can be seen in Table IX relative to the use of organophosphates of different toxlcltles on alfalfa. Noticeable contrasts can be seen in the wearing of rubber gloves, spray suits, eye or face protection and respirators in the handling and applying of parathlon, dlmethoate, and malathlon which are represent-... 

Schultz-Larsen F, Diepgen T, Svensson A (1996) The occurrence of atopic dermatitis in north Europe an international questionnaire study. J Am Acad Dermatol 34 760-764 Shmunes E, Keil J (1984) The role of atopy in occupational dermatoses in South Carolina. Contact Dermatitis 11 174-178 Susitaival P, Husman L, Horsmanheimo M, Notkola V, Husman K (1994) Prevalence of hand dermatoses among Finnish farmers. Scand J Environ Health 20 206-212 Turjanmaa K (1994) Update on occupational natural rubber latex allergy. Dermatol Clin 12 561-567 Varjonen E, Kalimo K, Lammintausta K, Terho P (1992) Prevalence of atopic disorders among adolescents in Turku, Finland. Allergy 47 243-248... 

Dairy farmers may develop irritant contact dermatitis from extended wet work. Disinfectants that may cause irritant or allergic contact dermatitis are often used to clean the udders prior to milking [149]. Equipment is cleaned with sodium hydroxide and nitric acid. Dairy farmers are also exposed to hypochlorite iodine, phenolic compounds, quaternary ammonium compounds, and hairs and secretions of cows. Dairy farmers may also develop allergic contact dermatitis to rubber compounds such as isopropylphenyl-N-phenylenediamine (IPPD) [161]. 

The use of this very remarkable compound to control wheat smut soon followed. Farmers also treated the seed of sorghum, onions, and other crops with HCB. The commercial fungicide formulations they used to do so typically contained 10-40% HCB. HCB also foimd various other uses, including as a component in pyrotechnics manufacture, synthetic rubber production, graphite electrode production, and the manufacture of other chemicals, including pentachlorophenol [85-87]. 

Many years later Farmer and Sutton (unpublished—quoted by Farmer, 1944) hydrogenated natural rubber at 170-190°C in the complete absence of oxygen using nickel as a catalyst to yield a product with a reported molecular weight of 150000. 

In 1939 Bacon and Farmer showed that the reaction between c/s-1,4-polyisoprene (natural rubber) and maleic anhydride was accelerated by benzoyl peroxide and they originally suggested that the anhydride linked across adjacent double bonds (intramolecular reaction) or across non-adjacent double bonds (usually intermolecular reaction). They also observed that when the concentration of rubber in the solvent used for the reaction exceeded a few per cent the product gelled and became insoluble. In subsequent work in which the model system cyclohexene-butyl maleate was studied Farmer (1942, 1943) revised his earlier suggestions and concluded that reaction was more likely to be at the ally lie (a-methylene) carbon. 

Farmer, E. H., Chapter in Advances in Colloid Science Vol II—Scientific progress in the field of rubber and synthetic elastomers (Eds. H. Mark and G. S. Whitby), Interscience, New York (1946). 

Radical grafting of MA on unsaturated polymers has been intensely studied since the 1930s. The first studies envisaged the modification of dienic rubbers. Thus, in 1938 Bacon and Farmer, at the first conference on rubber technology, and in 1939 Dawson and Scott, based on data obtained in the reaction between MA and polyisoprene or polybutadiene in the presence of benzoyl peroxide, suggested two types of structure (taking into account inter- and intramolecular reactions) for modified polyisoprene [158,159] ... 

Blocks were supposedly done to help cotton farmers, though simultaneously, limits were placed upon quantities of cotton that could be grown. Cotton cord tires were a menace to all society. They were biodegradable and often failed catastrophically at moments of disaster. Few reasonable people would desire that we return to days of natural cotton tire cord or natural rubber automobile tires. These tire s life expectancy was about twenty thousand miles, under the best of conditions, but they were highly susceptible to flats and blowouts, shortening their useful lives... 

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