Rotavirus gastroenteritis

Uses Prevent rotavirus gastroenteritis Action Active immunization Dose Peds. Single dose PO at 2, 4, 6 mo Caution [ , ] Disp Oral susp SE D, V Interactions i Effects W/ immunosuppressants such as irradiation, chemo or high-dose st oids EMS None OD Unlikely... 

Foster RH, Wagstaff AJ (1998) Tetravalent human-rhesus reassortant rotavirus vaccine - A review of its immunogenicity, tolerability and protective efficacy against paediatric rotavirus gastroenteritis. Biodrugs 9(2) 155-178... 

Trade names Rotarix (GSK) RotaTeq (Merck) Indications Prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis Half-life N/A... 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Outbreak of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis among children—Jamaica, 2003. MMWR 2003 52 1103-1105. 

Human rotavirus (HRV), a member of the Reoviridae, is a non-enveloped virus which is the major etiologic agent of severe dehydrating gastroenteritis in children worldwide. For the treatment of rotavirus gastroenteritis, intravenous fluid administration has been used successfully for dehydration from diarrhoea. However, in the case of... 

Majamaa, H., Isolauri, E., Saxelin, M. et al. (1995) Lactic acid bacteria in the treatment of acute rotavirus gastroenteritis. /. Pediatr. Gastroenterol Nutr., 20, 333-338. 

Acute gastroenteritis Norovlrus and Sapovims, Rotavirus, Astrovirus some... 

Reoviruses Rotavirus An inner core is surrounded by tv/o concentric icosahedral shells producing particles 70nm in diameter A very common cause of gastroenteritis in infants. It is spread through poor water supplies and when standards of general hygiene are low. In developing countries it is responsible for about a million deaths each year... 

Bon, F., Fascia, P., Dauvergne, M., Tenenbaum, D., Planson, H., Petion, A. M., Pothier, P., and Kohli, E. (1999). Prevalence of group A rotavirus, human calicivirus, astrovirus, and adenovirus type 40 and 41 infections among children with acute gastroenteritis in Dijon, France. /. Clin. Microbiol. 37,3055-3058. 

Pang, X. L., Joensuu, J., and Vesikari, T. (1999). Human calicivirus-associated sporadic gastroenteritis in Firmish children less than two years of age followed prospectively during a rotavirus vaccine trial. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 18,420 26. 

Viruses are the most common cause of diarrheal illness in the world, resulting in about 450,000 and 160,000 hospitalizations for adults and children, respectively, and over 4000 deaths.40,41 A number of viruses may cause gastroenteritis, including rotaviruses, noroviruses, astroviruses, enteric adenoviruses, and coronoviruses (Table 73-4). This chapter will focus on rotaviruses. 

Ebina, T., Tsukada, K., Umezu, K., Nose, M., Tsuda, K., Hatta, H., Kim, M., and Yamamoto, T. 1990. Gastroenteritis in suckling mice caused by human rotavirus can be prevented with egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) and treated with a protein-bound polysaccharide preparation (PSK). Microbiol. Immunol. 34, 617—629. 

In the MFGM of human milk, mucin is associated with two other glycoproteins, butyrophilin and lactadherin. Yolken et al. (1992) found that a non-immunological fraction of human milk inhibited the replication of rotaviruses in tissue culture, and prevented the development of gastroenteritis in an animal model. Further characterization indicated that virus bound to mucin and to the associated 46 kD protein (identified as lactadherin). The biological functions of lactadherin may be related to its ability to interact physically with a wide variety of molecules. 

Yolken, R.H., Peterson, J.A., Vonderfecht, S.L., Fouts, E.T., Midthun. K., Newburg, D.S. 1992. Human milk mucin inhibits rotavirus replication and prevents experimental gastroenteritis. J. Clin. Invest. 90, 1984-1991. 

When substantial carbohydrate maldigestion occurs in infants, it can lead to diarrhea. This is most often seen when the infant has experienced some other insult that has damaged the small intestine enterocytes, producing a secondary hypolactasia.This is more so when the infant has a rotavirus infection, and rotavirus is the most important cause of gastroenteritis in infancy. Rotavirus infects only mature enterocytes,... 

Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children aged under 5 years in the USA, resulting in approximately 500 000 physician visits, 50 000 hospitalizations, and 20 deaths each year. Worldwide, rotavirus is a major cause of childhood death, accounting for an estimated 600 000 deaths annually among children aged under 5 years. Rotavirus vaccines offer the opportunity to reduce substantially the occurrence of this disease. 

Prevention of gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus serotypes contained in the vaccines Active immunity against yellow fever virus, primarily among travelers to yellow fever endemic areas... 

A number of studies have reported the efficacy of Lactobacillus GG in terms of its antiviral effects. Acute childhood diarrhea worldwide is most commonly caused by rotavirus and can be an important contributor to infant mortality, thus probiotics have been used to both treat and prevent the disease. Two studies were conducted simultaneously whereby European children with gastroenteritis were given Lactobacillus GG or a placebo. A statistically significant reduction in the severity... 

Viruses are much smaller than bacteria and protozoa. They do not have a cell structure, but consist of bundles of nucleic acid surrounded by a coat of protein. To reproduce, they must infect cells of other organisms and use the metabolic machinery of these cells to increase their own numbers. Viruses responsible for a number of diseases are thought to be spread by water. It is believed that poliomyelitis and viral hepatitis (inflammation of the liver accompanied by jaundice) can be spread by waterborne virus. Viruses of the rotavirus group are probably responsible for most waterborne viral gastroenteritis ailments. 

Villena, C., R. Gabrieli, R. M. Pinto, et al. 2003. A Large Infantile Gastroenteritis Outbreak in Albania Caused by Multiple Emerging Rotavirus Genotypes. Epidemiology and Infection 131 1105-1110. 

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