Rosin sizes application

Paper specimens were obtained from Mead Paper, Printing and Writing Paper Division (Chillicothe, Ohio 45601). Samples were identified as being free from other materials, i.e., no preservatives, slimicides, defoamers, etc. Internally-sized samples were sized by conventional alum/rosin sizing surface-sized materials were prepared by an application of starch at the size press and all the other samples were unsized. Whatman filter paper was extracted with a 68/32 mixture of chloroform/acetone to remove any organic binder from the fiber surface. The fiber composition of the Whatman filter paper was identified by optical microscopy as cotton. The sample identified as "No Sizing" was... 

One application area between 1962 and 1979 that has an impact on today s problems is the manufacture of wallboard. Wallboard was prepared by sandwiching a gypsum mixture between heavy papers. A typical core consists of gypsum, starch, potash, a pulp slurry, an asphalt or rosin-size emulsion, and gauging water (i.e., a colloidal silica plus polymer binder system). The mixture is blended together and placed between liners made on linerboard machines. 

As in surface application, calendering can have a positive influence on sizing, if properly developed prior to calendering. However, if the sizing is not properly developed, this can be a negative influence, especially with poorly dispersed rosin size or poorly reacted/fixed AKD size. 

Matsushita Y., Iwatsuki A., Yasuda S., Application of cationic polymer prepared from sulfuric acid lignin as a retention aid for usual rosin sizes to neutral papermaking, 7. Wood Sci, 50(6), 2004, 540-544. 

The market for rosin sizes consumes over 30% of rosin production. However, competition from synthetic sizes has increased, with particular pressure being seen in alkaline papermaking applications. 

In the applications of gas-solid flows, there are three typical distributions in particle size, namely, Gaussian distribution or normal distribution, log-normal distribution, and Rosin-Rammler distribution. These three size distribution functions are mostly used in the curve fitting of experimental data. 

Rosin-Rammler Equation—Rosin and Rammler (1933) proposed an equation which in some respects is similar to Roller s basic equation, Eq (3-32). Their equation fits size-frequency data of friable material such as coal, but otherwise does not have the wide application of the Hatch-Choate and Roller equations. The Rosin-Rammler equation is... 

The aspects relevant to the use of rosin as such, or one of the derivatives arising from its appropriate chemical modification as monomer or comonomer [12-14], have to do with the synthesis of a variety of materials based on polycondensations and polyaddition reactions of structures bearing such moieties as primary amines, maleimides, epoxies, alkenyls and, of course, carboxylic acids. These polymers find applications in paper sizing, adhesion and tack, emulsification, coatings, drug delivery and printing inks. 

Unlike rosin and AKD sizes, because of its reactive nature, ASA cannot be supplied as a ready to add product. It has to be made into a dispersion at the paper machine and added within a short time, normally less than 30 min. This means that it has to be mixed with a cationic component and emulsified with equipment which is supplied by the size supplier. This was an expensive and problematic area, with the costs being added to the price of the ASA itself. But in the past 10 years, technology has improved so that the application costs have been reduced to only slightly more than a sophisticated pumping system and the application technology has improved the reliability/efficiency of the product. This has meant that ASA has changed from... 

Practically the only commercial successful innovations made by Finnish chemists in the early 20th century were related to tall oil soap and some other byproducts of woodpulping. The Finnish scholar Alfons Hellstrom discovered two more natural terpenes from juniper resin, invented methods for distilling tall oil under vacuum from sulphate pulping waste, and developed commercially applicable processes for the manufacture of tall oil soap and the use of rosin acids from tall oil for paper sizing. Such distillations of tall oil became an important industry not only in Finland but also in many other countries. By 1939, the sales of tall oil soap conquered a third of the Finnish detergent market. ... 

In a totally different area of application, casein adhesives for paper sizing, chipboard laminating, and label gluing are more nearly casein solutions [59,60]. They are simple dispersions with ammonia or borax at moderate pH and low viscosity. They are frequently combined with latexes or soluble rosin derivatives for special performance improvements [59]. 

Rosin exploitation, a part of the so-called Naval Stores Industry, is at least as old as the construction of wooden naval vessels. In recent years, rosin components have attracted a renewed attention, notably as sources of monomers for polymers synthesis. The purpose of the present chapter is to provide a general overview of the major sources and composition of rosin. It deals therefore with essential features such as the structure and chemical reactivity of its most important components, viz. the resin acids, and the synthesis of a variety of their derivatives. This chemical approach is then followed hy a detailed discussion of the relevant applications, the resin acids and their derivatives, namely in polymer synthesis and processing, paper sizing, emulsion polymerization, adhesive tack and printing inks, among others. 

Milling of coal or coke produces a powder called pulverized fuel which contains particles of a wide range of sizes. As we saw in Chapter 3, the distance at which a particle in a particle-laden jet will travel in a combustion chamber plays a role in the damping of the jet s turbulent energy. Therefore theoretical analysis of combustion must take the particle size distribution of the fuel into account. Pulverized fuel fineness is therefore an important parameter in the modeling of coal combustion. An analytical expression of particle size distribution that has found a wide application for expressing the fineness of pulverized fuel is the Rosin-Rammler relation. The relationship is given by (Field et al., 1964)... 

The characteristics of other distributions that have been applied to aerosol particle size, such as the Rosin-Rammler, Nukiyama-Tanasawa, power law, exponential, and Khrgian-Mazin distributions are given in the appendix to this chapter. These distributions apply to special situations and And limited application in aerosol science. They (and the lognormal distribution) have been selected empirically to fit the wide range and skewed shape of most aerosol size distributions. 

The Rosin-Rammler distribution [Rosin and Rammler (1933)], originally devised for sizing crushed coal, is applicable to coarsely dispersed dusts and sprays. It is particularly useful for size distributions that are more skewed than the lognormal distribution and for sieve analysis. The weight fraction... 

Sizes are additives that decrease the wettability of the paper for certain applications (printing with aqueous inks, manufacturing of milk cartons and paper cups). - Rosin (gum rosin, wood rosin or tall oil rosin) in the form of its sodium or potassium salt or as free acid are used as powder, solution or dispersion. They are excellent sizes, which are used together with alum to develop lull sizing power. Reaction products of rosin with maleic anhydride or fu-maric acid (fortified sizes) are more effective. They are saponified and used as pastes or dispersions. Free rosin emulsions are the newest and most effective sizes. For ordinary rosin 15-20 kg are necessary per mt of paper, fortified rosin requires 5-8 kg/mt and free rosin emulsion only 2-4 kg/mt to get the same effect. 

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