Role of chemists

D. Stanley Tarbell. Organic Chemistry, 1876-1976. In A Century of Chemistry The Role of Chemists and the American Chemical Society. Herman Skolnik and Kenneth M. Reese, eds. (1976) 339-350. Also appeared as The Past 100 Years in Organic Chemistry. Chemical and Engineering News. 54 (Apr. 6, 1976) 110-123. Source for available technology. 

Skolnik, H., Reese, K. M. (Eds) (1976). A century of chemistry The role of chemists and the American chemical society. Washington, DC American Chemical Society. 

I would like to describe hydrothermal quartz synthesis and commercialization as an example of synergistic interaction between synthesis and processing physical chemistry leading to better materials and more cost-effective devices. My discussions here and in the subsequent section on hydrothermal KTP will be at somewhat greater length because the role of chemists in hydrothermal synthesis and processing is perhaps not very well known and because of my familiarity with the subjects due to personal involvement. 

This chapter is an overview of the wide variety of archaeological studies conducted by chemists. From the earliest stone artifacts to the artistic manuscripts and textiles of the more recent past, the studies presented in this volume show the wide range of materials that have been studied by chemical techniques. The field keeps expanding as chemists help provide information valuable in the interpretation of archaeological sites and artifacts. Besides helping to detect fraudulent artifacts and artistic objects in museum collections, chemists have studied the physicochemical deterioration processes that destroy the monuments and objects of the past. Thus, the role of chemists is more than just discovery of the past it includes investigation that may help preserve the artifacts for future generations to enjoy and study. 

The objective of this chapter is to put into perspective some of the current knowledge with respect to trace metals and their health implications. Potential adverse health effects of occupational exposures to trace metals are dis cussed cancer (arsenic, beryllium chromium nickel, and perhaps cadmium) chronic lung disease (beryllium and cadmium) neurologic and reproductive disorders (lead and mercury) and kidney disorders (lead and cadmium). Also discussed are the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommended standards for occupational exposure to several trace metals, the difficulty of establishing safe levels of exposure (particularly for carcinogens), and problems involved in identifying toxic components of trade name products. Special attention is given to the role of chemists to help protect the public health. 

Several histories of the Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Division have been compiled over the last century, including the one written in 1951 by Division Chairman William A. Pardee, which was published in Vol. 43, No. 2 of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry (1951). Additional information was found in A History of the American Chemical Society Seventy-Five Eventful Years, by Charles Albert Browne (Historian of the American Chemical Society) and Mary Elvira Weeks, published by the Society in 1952. An update was included in A Century of Chemistry The Role of Chemists and the American Chemical Society, edited by Kenneth M. Reese and H. Skolnik, and published by the Society in 1976. I EC historian David E. Gushee published a Division... 

Jones, The Role of Chemists , chapters 1-3, and Chemical Warfare Research , 169-170, 173-174, op. cit. note 2 NARA, RG 70, Entry 80, Box 2, National Research Council, Committee on Noxious Gases, Meeting of April 21, 1917 RG 70, Entry 46, Box 110, Manning, Historical Report to the Secretary of the Interior on the Origin and Development of the Research Work of the Bureau of Mines on Gases Used in Warfare, February 1, 1917 to March 1, 1918 . 

Jones, The Role of Chemists , op. cit. note 2,146-150 US Army Military History Instimte (Carlisle, PA), Harry M. St. John, Standard Methods for the Manufacture of New G-34 Development Division , Nela Park, Cleveland, Ohio, Chemical Warfare Service, 29 March 1919. 

Jones, Daniel P. The Role of Chemists in Research on War Gases in the United States during WotM War r (Unpublished PhD dissertation. University of Wisconsin, 1969). 

A Century of Chemistry, the Role of Chemists and the American Chemical Society, Kenneth M. Reese, ed. (American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 1976). Bernard Jaffe, Crucibles The Story of Chemistry from Ancient Alchemy to Nuclear Fission, 4th ed. (Dover, New York, 1976), p. 58. This same person, Jean-Francois... 

Usha Still what is the role of chemists and their chemicals Are they only victims of decisions made by others ... 

Homburg E (1983) The influence of demand on the emergence of the dye industry. The roles of chemists and colourists. J Soc Dyers Colour 99 325-333... 

This article deals with the emergence of the Danish chemical industry and especially with the role played by chemists. In the first part, the development of the Danish chemical industry from around 1850 is described, and the more important developments up to the end of World War I are delineated. This is followed with a discussion of some selected topics, especially the role of chemists in industrial enterprises. 

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