Rhine Valley

Another Sparte, situated in the lower Rhine Valley, employed the cellulose chemistry that turned out cameras and films and artificial fibers. The third Sparte made dyestuffs and synthetic rubber (buna). 

One day in the spring of 1937, Dr. ter Meer and Dr. Ambros began the search for another buna site that was to take them, four years later, to Auschwitz. The prosecution contended that the "possible war" turned their feet toward the East. Only one buna plant was in the Rhine Valley, which offered everything they needed water power, calcium deposits, economy of operation. In and beside the Rhine River were water and rail transportation to take the finished rubber to its nearby destinations. 

One of these companies was Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik or BASF (translated as Baden-Baden Aniline and Soda Ash Company) in the town of Ludwigshaven in the Rhine valley of Germany, which combined the synthesis of anihne dyes and alkalis in early products and in their name. 

Faude, F., and J. Goschnick, XPS, SIMS, and SNMS Applied to a Combined Analysis of Aerosol Particles from a Region of Considerable Air Pollution in the Upper Rhine Valley, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 358, 67-72 (1997). 

Goschnick, J., J. Schuricht, and H. J. Ache, Depth-Structure of Airborne Microparticles Sampled Downwind from the City of Karlsruhe in the River Rhine Valley, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem.,... 

In Europe, as Table 1.2 illustrates, the German and Swiss leaders were the Rhine Valley chemical companies, whose evolution has been sketched above. The British companies became significant competitors after World War II, but France s Rhone-Poulenc failed to become a factor in world markets. The most successful European pharmaceutical company of all in terms of revenues and profits was F. Hoffmann-La Roche (now Roche Holding), established in 1894 in Basel, Switzerland, the headquarters site of the three Swiss chemical companies listed in Table 1.1. 

Table 1.1, which lists the largest chemical companies in the United States by sales in 1993, includes ten subsidiaries of European chemical producers. The Europeans, in fact, created the modern chemical industry in the late nineteenth century, when German and Swiss producers in the Rhine Valley took advantage of local sources of raw materials and energy and of relationships with local universities and research institutes to establish formidable enterprises that dominated world markets until World War I. 

Three of the remaining four subsidiaries of European companies listed in Table 1.1 were Rhine Valle first movers. Henkel, based in Diisseldorf, and Sol-vay, headquartered in Brussels, fifty miles from the Rhine, became the first movers during the 1880s in their respective industries. Both maintained their competitive capabilities for more than a hundred years. A third Rhine Valley pioneer was the forerunner of Akzo, Vereinigt Glanzstaff-Fabriken, a first mover in rayon and related artificial fabrics. Owing partly to World War II, the company did not participate in the polymer revolution in fibers and so... 

Unlike the Swiss Rhine Valley companies, Solvay and Henkel maintained their focus in chemistry successfully over more than a century of their existence. Solvay increasingly became, after the 1970s, a specialty chemical company along the lines of the American focused companies while Henkel remained one of the three worldwide competitors in both consumer and industrial cleaning products. 

As the American companies focused on specialty chemicals, their European counterparts—primarily the Rhine Valley companies—continued to serve multiple major markets. Following World War I, the German Big Three quickly returned to world markets under the leadership of I. G. Farben, as did the Swiss with their comparable Basel AG. Neither the British nor the French responses of the 1920s—the formation of Imperial Chemical Industries (Id) and the merger of Rhone and Poulenc—proved able to surmount the quickly restructured barriers. 

The structure of (-)-a-multistriatin was found to be the structure (15, 2R, 45, 5/i)-(-)-2,4-dimethyl-5-ethyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo-[3.2.1]-octane (24a) (Mori, 1976 Pearce et al., 1976 Cemigliaro and Kocienski, 1977). However, populations of the beetle epidemic to forests in the Upper Rhine Valley did not aggregate in response to (- )-a-multistriatin instead, another of its stereoisomers, (- )-5-multistriatin (24b) exerted attractive action when combined with 23 and 25. 

Coal tar dyes mark the beginning of the chemical industry in the UK, in France and in the Rhine Valley with chemists like August Wilhelm Hofmann and William Henry Perkin and company names like Ciba, BASF, Hoechst and Bayer. Since the last century crude oil and natural gas have become the key raw material sources for the modern chemical industry yielding all base chemicals like olefins, acetylene and more particularly aromatics. In the future, as in the past, a reliable and economically reasonable supply of carbon and hydrogen as raw material source for basic chemicals and their derivatives will be the basic requirement for the chemical industry. ... 

With the shift in the balance of power from the coal to the chemical industry, the geographical center of the nitrogen industry moved from the coal mining district of Rhineland-Westphalia first to the Rhine valley, then to the brown coal district in central Germany for reasons of military security. 

This could be understood in terms of the high temporal PFBS concentration in the upper Rhine valley at the time of sampling (see Chap. 2 PFC Concentrations in Surface Waters in Europe ). 

Beck, L., J. Rrombke, A. Ruf, A. Prinzing, and S. Woas. 2004. Effects of diflubenzuron and Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki toxin on soil invertebrates of a mixed deciduous forest in the Upper Rhine Valley, Germany. Eur. J. Soil Biol. 40 55-62. 

At the same time, in Central Enrope, aronnd 4,750 BC, another cnltuie developed, that of ceramics with linear decoration, where the decorations are ribbons, volntes, horseshoes, etc. covering the Dannbe valley and the Rhine valley. 

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