Structure depth

M. F. Toney and S. Brennan. Structural Depth Profiling of Iron Oxide Thin Films using Grazing Incidence Asymmetric Bra X-ray DiflFraction. J. Appl. Phys. 65J 4763, 1989. 

Castellated and lattice beams provide a service zone within the structural depth ... 

This area of research is still at its beginning and many aspects are not resolved. This includes in particular the structure and conformation of polymers at an interface as well as the modification of polymer dynamics by the interface. We have given several examples of the potential of surface and interface analytical techniques. They provide information on surface roughness, surface composition, lateral structure, depth profiles, surface-induced order and interfacial mixing of polymers on a molecular and sometimes subnanometer scale. They thus offer a large variety of possible surface and interface studies which will help in the understanding of polymer structure and dynamics as it is modified by the influence... 

X Principal axis of uniaxial structure, depth in which a photon is scattered... 

The pinhole problem, adhesion difficulty and low aspect ratio all restrict the depth of the etch for the structuring. Depths ranging down to 120 pm are achieved simply in Ref. [1] there is a report of300 pm achieved by using a 1 pm Cr/Au masking system. 

Figure 2.18 Examples of structures, (a) Quasi-parallel processing of the substrate by the mask, (b) The structure depth is determined by variation of the operating time, (c) doublesided adjusted processing, multiple masking and (d) adjusted bonding of many substrates.

At least two regions of the respiratory tract are ventilated at different rates. Of the total inspired air, 40% ventilates 17% of the lung, and the remaining 60% ventilates the other 83% of the lung. As a consequence of such unequal distribution of ventilation, air velocity and times of air passage vary, producing different probabilities of deposition of the inhaled particles from one site to another at the same structural depth. 

Fig. 20 SEM picture of the typical microstructures made of PMMA by SR direct etching in vacuum. Here, the structural depth is 200 //m, much larger than the 0.6 mm previously observed in the self-development. But the quality is not as good as that of microstructures made by deep x-ray lithography (cf., Fig. 13)...

Polypropylene membranes the structural depth of this material provides a number of filtration levels within the thickness of the membrane. It is also used for prefilters. 

The same situation may be considered in terms of the structural depth of the beam, that is, in terms of one of the dimensions that is represented by a numerical attribute and is usually measured in inches (or centimeters). In order to increase the rigidity, the designer needs to increase this dimension. However, when he wants to decrease the weight (both desirable results), he needs to decrease the same dimension. We have here a physical contradiction regarding the structural depth (height) of the beam. It is a contradiction associated only with a single and specific/quantitative characteristic of our system. 

Baylon JL, Lenov IL, Sligar SG, Tajkhorshid E (2013) Characterizing the membrane-bound state of cytochrome P450 3A4 structure, depth of insertion, and orientation. J Am Chem Soc 135 8542-8551... 

The layout of the standpipe assembly Is a function of the working of a nuclear reactor and It Is not envisaged that this layout could be changed In any way purely to facilitate decommissioning of a PCRV. The standpipe region has to withstand the internal pressures of a PCRV and consequently Its structural depth has to be consistant with the required minimum structural thickness of the PCRV. 

This method has been applied to experiments of multiple internal reflection infrared spectroscopy on thin films of commercial polyethylene [120]. It is known that optical microtomy can be achieved by changing the incidence angle of the incoming beam. Structural depth profiling has then be performed thus allowing to probe the ordered-disordered structure of such films (Figure 3-32). 

Toney MF, Breiman S (1989) Structural depth profiling of rtrai oxide thin films using grazing incidraice asymmetric Bragg X-ray diffraction. J Appl Phys 65 4763-4768. doi 10.1063/1.343230... 

For conceptual designs, the heights of suspension bridges towers, above the deck, depend on the sag-to-span ratio, which can vary from about 1 8 to 1 12. A good preliminary value is approximately 1 10. To this value, one must add the structural depth of the deck and the clearance to the foundations to... 

A filter operates by one of two mechanisms. In cake filtration, the solids (perhaps including a filter aid) form a cake on the surface of the filter medium. Other important filtration steps include washing, to remove occluded liquor, and dewatering, to produce a cake of higher solids content. The other mecha-rusm is depth filtration, in which the solids are captured within the filter medium itself. This might take the form of a bed of granular solids or a porous solid structure. Depth filtration is most often applied to dilute slurries. 

Comparing the evolution of the structure depth (defined as the vertical size of the periodic structures. Fig. 7(b)) and the depth of the molten pool at the interference maxima (Fig. 7(a)) with the laser fiuence, the following observations can be made. Firstly, both experimental results and thermal simulations indicate that SS samples are molten at lower laser fluences than aluminum and copper in that order (see insert in Fig. 7(a)). This result can be explained due to the high absorptance and the low thermal diffusivity of SS at the utilized wavelength (355 nm). Secondly, aluminum and copper start to melt practically at the same laser fiuence, which confirms that... 

Fig. 7. (a) Calculated molten depth (thermal simulation) and (b) structure depth evolution... 

However, pCP also suffers from some drawbacks. First, the stability of the PDMS stamps is a major concern [25]. PDMS shrinks by about 1% after curing and it can be swelled by nonpolar solvents such as toluene and hexane [2]. The use of a soft polymer also produces some deformations on the stamp structures such as pairing, buckling or roof collapse during contact with the surfaces (Figure 4.3), which result in distorted patterns [13,26,27]. Biebuyck and co-workers [28] have experimentally demonstrated that if the aspect ratio of the structures (depth/width) is too large, the... 

For many types of structures, these advantages included shorter construction time, reduced structural depth, increased stiffness and savings in overall cost. In addition to their use in... 

Ablation by evaporation near its threshold. In this case the homogeneity of the laser beam (distribution of the specific energy density) and material composition are most important for the process. Local deviations in the absorbed fluence at the ablation threshold cause an inhomogeneity of the structural depth. 

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