Retarders composition

Production of pentaerythritol in the United States has been erratic. Demand decreased in 1975 because of an economic recession and grew only moderately to 1980 (69). The range of uses for pentaerythritol has grown rapidly in lubricants (qv), fire-retardant compositions, adhesives, and other formulations where the cross-linking capabiUties are of critical importance. 

Pentaerythritol is used in self-extinguishing, non dripping, flame-retardant compositions with a variety of polymers, including olefins, vinyl acetate and alcohols, methyl methacrylate, and urethanes. Phosphoms compounds are added to the formulation of these materials. When exposed to fire, a thick foam is produced, forming a fire-resistant barrier (see Elame retardants) (84—86). 

Polycarbonates are prepared commercially by two processes Schotten-Baumaim reaction of phosgene (qv) and an aromatic diol in an amine-cataly2ed interfacial condensation reaction or via base-cataly2ed transesterification of a bisphenol with a monomeric carbonate. Important products are also based on polycarbonate in blends with other materials, copolymers, branched resins, flame-retardant compositions, foams (qv), and other materials (see Flame retardants). Polycarbonate is produced globally by several companies. Total manufacture is over 1 million tons aimuaHy. Polycarbonate is also the object of academic research studies, owing to its widespread utiUty and unusual properties. Interest in polycarbonates has steadily increased since 1984. Over 4500 pubflcations and over 9000 patents have appeared on polycarbonate. Japan has issued 5654 polycarbonate patents since 1984 Europe, 1348 United States, 777 Germany, 623 France, 30 and other countries, 231. 

Isopropyl borate is used primarily in the production of catalysts for polyolefins and as an antiscratch agent for glass containers. A/-Butyl borate is used as an adhesion promoter and had been used in fire retardant compositions. 

The third composition in Table IV seems to be related to the aromatic sulfonate/polycarbonate technology just discussed with some modifications being necessary in order to compensate for the aliphatic nature of the polypropylene (17. 181 substrate. In this case the aromatic sulfonate is replaced with a metal salt (preferably magnesium stearate). A silicone oil and or gum has been added to enhance the intumescent character and a small amount of inert filler and decabromodiphenyl oxide is included probably to improve the molding characteristics of the total composition. Fire retardant compositions with a good surface char can be obtained at total loadings only about half that required for the halogen/antimony oxide composition. 

Uses. Manufacture of weed-killing compounds and fire-retardant compositions... 

Important products are based on polycarbonate in blends with other materials, copolymers, branched resins, flame-retardant compositions, and foams... 

Ware, R. P., and Westgate, M. W., Natl. Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Assoc., Circ. 727. Patent survey of fire-resistant and fire-retardant compositions. 

N. Kaprindis andN. Lelh, Flame retardant compositions, Ciba, U.S. Patent 7109260, 19 September 2006 and related patents. 

Using this concept, it has been shown by cone calorimetry that over a 3 min combustion period, 3 and 6 mm thick laminated structures, made with different fire-retardant skin and unfilled core combinations can give similar resistance to ignition and comparable HRR and smoke extinction area (SEA) results to fully fire-retardant compositions (Table 7.4). Mechanical properties, in particular impact strength, were also found to be greatly enhanced by this approach, since less fire-retardant filler is present in the material. Whereas this approach has been demonstrated to be effective with hydrated fillers, it is applicable to all fire-retardant types. 

Imahasi, T., Okada, A., and Abe, T., Flame retardant aid, flame retardant and flame-retardant composition, U.S. Patent 5,583,172, December 10, 1996. 

Jow, J. and Gomolka, D. (Union Carbide Chemicals), Flame-retardant compositions useful for cable insulating and jacketing, U.S. Patent 5482990A, 1996. 

Hornsby, P.R., Wang, J., Rothon, R., Jackson, G., Wilkinson, G., and Cosstick, K., Thermal decomposition behaviour of polyamide fire retardant compositions containing magnesium hydroxide filler, Polym. Deg. Stab., 51, 235-249, 1996. 

Hume, G. 2005. Fire retardant composite panel product and a method and system for fabricating same. U.S. Patent Appl. 2005/0249934. 

Schubert, D.M. 1994. Process of making zinc borates and fire retarding compositions thereof. U.S. Patent 5,342,553. 

Yoshiyuki, U. and Yashushi, N. 1997. Flame retardant composition. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, JP1997227870. 

However, a common feature of the PNs is that, based on the flammability of various polymers that have been studied with a single nanoadditive, like clay, they can only show a retarded combustion process (i.e., the peak HRR and the average HRR can be lowered), while almost all the carbon sources will eventually burn out in most cases. The total heat released (THR) in CCA is not changed compared with that of the same amount of base polymer. Furthermore, like many flame-retardant composites, an earlier time to ignition (and perhaps also the time to peak HRR) for most PNs than the base polymer is also seen in the CCA experiment.117... 

Use Fire-retardant compositions, antifreeze compounds, metallurgical flux, porcelain. 

CM [Du Pont]. TM for a flame-retardant composition based on ammonium sulfamate and modified to prevent afterglow and improve penetration. 

Lu, S.-Y. Hamerton, I. Recent developments in the chemistry of flame retardant composite matrices. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2002, 27, 1661-1712. 

MacLaury, M.R. Holub, F.H. Flame Retardant Compositions and Coated Article US Patent 4,273,691, June 16, 1981. 

MAJOR PRODUCT APPLICATIONS flame retarding compositions of polymers hsted below... 

The Starflam family consists of blends of PA-6 or PA-66 with brominated PS as dispersed phase Starflam PA66, Starflam PA6) used in flame-retarded compositions. The moldings find applications as automotive and electrical parts. The processing conditions are similar as those for the neat PA used as the matrix material. 

OTHER COMMENTS used in the manufacture of fire retardant compositions for flame-proofing textiles and paper products used in flameproofing wood used to treat cigarette paper so as to reduce the hazard of tumor formation from tobacco smoke used as soil treat-ment/for weed control/on apples, pears, fruit trees and ornamental trees. 

To collect a soil subsample, carefully scrape aside all vegetation and debris. Collect the soil with a clean stainless steel utensil, making sure not to exceed 3 cm in excavated depth. The subsamples should be placed in a clean glass wide-mouth bottle with a cap lined with Teflon. The bottle should be of sufficient size such that when all 10 subsamples are collected it is approximately 1/2 full. The extra volume is needed so that the soil can be homogenized before any subsamples are withdrawn for analysis. After collection the samples are stored in the dark at 4 °C to retard compositional changes due to biological activity. 

High flame retardant composition. [Data from Fung, d-r, Liao, t-c, Wang, s-h, us Patent US20100292379, Nov. 12, 2010, Nan Ya Plastics Corporation.]... 

Flexible, flame-retarded composition. [Data from Day, J R Good, J I, us Patent... 

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