Restoration, forest

Righelato, R. and Spracklen, D. V. (2007). Carbon mitigation by biofuels or by saving and restoring forests Science, 317 (17th August), 902. 

In recent years, the effect of buffers on the major metabolites of herbicides has begun to receive attention. Gay et al. (2006) monitored atrazine and three major degradation products in groundwater, soil, and runoff water for 11 months after application to a 0.1 ha strip immediately upslope from a restored forested riparian buffer in southern Georgia. Removal efficiency from groundwater (84.2-99.5%), surface runoff water (92-100%), and surface runoff sediment (67.4-92.0%) was significant for all four compounds (ranges in parentheses). 

Shen CD, Sun YM, Yi WX, Peng SL, Li ZA (2001) Carbon isotope tracers for the restoration of degenerated forest ecosystem. Quaternary Sciences 21 452 160 (in Chinese with English abstract)... 

Hemerik L, Brussaard L (2002) Diversity of soil macro-invertebrates in grasslands under restoration succession. Eur J Soil Biol 38 145-150 Jha DK, Sharma GD, Mishra RR (1992) Soil microbial population numbers and enzyme activities in relation to altitude and forest degradation. Soil Biol Biochem 24 761-767... 

Planting native species in the yard to replace turfgrass represents an effort to restore traditional and locally viable ecological communities on a small scale. Such species include not only historic and prehistoric forest species mixes (oak-hickory, and beech-maple for example), but also wddflower meadows, as well as tall and shortgrass prairie. The advantages of such landscapes are that they tend to be low-maintenance, resist weeds, and attract birds and other wildlife. Native landscaping also can be used to produce yards with fmit, nut and berry... 

Characteristics of the pesticide can have a large impact on the effectiveness of vegetative filter strips (Boyd et al., 2003). In a large-scale field experiment using a com source area and an established bromegrass (81%)/bluegrass (12%)/other (7%) vegetative filter strip, pesticides that move predominantly in the water phase (atrazine and alachlor) depended mainly on infiltration capability of, rather than sediment reduction by, the strip. Vellidis (2002) indicated that a restored (2-3 year old) riparian forest buffer and a mature buffer (from a previous study) retained atrazine and alachlor similarly. 

Vellidis, G., R. Lowrance, P. Gay, and R.D. Wauchope (2002). Herbicide transport in a restored riparian forest buffer system. Trans. Amer. Soc. Agric. Eng., 45(1) 89-97. 

Nepstad, D. C., C. Uhl, and E. A. S. Senao. 1991-"Recuperation of a degraded Amazonian landscape forest recovery and agricultural restoration." Ambio 20 248-255. 

In the past, reforestation relied on the establishment of monospecific plantations, often with exotics (e.g.. Eucalyptus, Pinus, Acacia spp.) or a limited number of native tree taxa for which seeds are readily available and silvicultural practices have been developed (Knowles and Parrotta 1995). Also at Porto Trombetas, about 160 native forest species in mixed plantings were evaluated for their suitability for forest restoration on bauxite mine land over a 14-year period. Observations over 600 ha of plantings have yielded information on ecological characteristics of the species and cost-effective propagation methods. The plantations of exotics and natives are expected to catalyze natural forest succession in the understory and thus accelerate the rate at which species-rich native forest stands develop on severely degraded lands. 

Ferraz, J. B. S. 1993. Soil factors influencing the reforestation on mining sites in Amazonia. In Restoration of tropical Forest Ecosystems, eds. H. Lieth, and... 

Guariguata, M. R., R.. Rheingans, and F. Montagnini, 1995. Early woody invasion under tree plantations in Costa Rica implications for forest restoration. Restoration Ecology 3 252-260. 

Knowles, O. H., and J. A. Parrotta. 1995. Amazonian forest restoration an innovative system for native species selection based on phenological data and field performance indices. Commonwealth Forestry Review 74 230-243. 

Montagnini, F., A. Fanzeres, and S. G. da Vinha. 1S>94. Studies on restoration ecology in the Atlantic Forest region of Bahia, Brazil. Interciencia 19 323-330. 

X 10" acres of tidal and nontidal wetlands are to be restored by 2010. Also, by 2012, the rate of urban sprawl development of forest and agricultural land in the Chesapeake Bay drainage basin is to be reduced by 30% from the average over 1992-1997. It is too early to determine the level of success achieved by the efforts to clean up Chesapeake Bay. 

The Reclamation and Operations Plan also requires an analysis of suitable uses for the land after reclamation. It is not always necessary to restore land to its premining condition and utilization. Often, a utilization of higher value is acceptable. For example, a previously forested hillside adjoining pastureland might be acceptably restored as pasture. In areas with high relief, mountaintop removal and valley-fill methods may be used to create new flat areas, which have positive use for agriculture and residential development. 

When spills occur in the urban habitat, protecting human health and safety and quickly restoring the land use are top priorities. Environmental considerations are generally not important as endangered species or ecosystems are not often found in the urban habitat. The urban environment usually includes a range of ecosystems, from natural forest to paved parking lots. Thus a spill in an urban area often affects several ecosystems, each of which is treated individually. 

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