Macro-invertebrates

Weigel BM, Wang LZ, Rasmussen PW, Butcher JT, Stewart PM, Simon TP, Wiley MJ. 2003. Relative influence of variables at multiple spatial scales on sheam macro invertebrates in the Northern Lakes and Forest ecoregion, USA. Freshwat Biol 48 1440-1461. 

Hemerik L, Brussaard L (2002) Diversity of soil macro-invertebrates in grasslands under restoration succession. Eur J Soil Biol 38 145-150 Jha DK, Sharma GD, Mishra RR (1992) Soil microbial population numbers and enzyme activities in relation to altitude and forest degradation. Soil Biol Biochem 24 761-767... 

Webb, D.W. 1980. The effects of toxaphene pesticide on benthic macro invertebrates. Jour. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 53 731-744. 

Lods-Crozet B, Castella E, Cambin D, Ilg C, Knispel S, Mayor-Simeant H (2001) Macro-invertebrate community stmcture in relation to environmental variables in a Swiss glacial stream. Freshw Biol 46 1641... 

Miscellaneous mixed macro-invertebrates 5.0 52 weeks Reduction in biomass and number of taxa 4... 

Special thanks are given to the editors of this book for their invitation to contribute this chapter. The invaluable technical contribution of Manon Harwood, Lucie Menard, Christine Girard and Sylvain Trottier from the St. Lawrence Centre is acknowledged for their conduct of the bioassays. Data on chemistry, toxicity to macro-invertebrates and benthos were kindly provided by the Environmental Protection Branch of Environment Canada (Quebec Region), and BEAK International Incorporated. 

Jorgensen SE, Verdonschot P, Lek S. 2002. Explanation of the observed structure of functional feeding groups of aquatic macro-invertebrates by an ecological model and the maximum exergy principle. Ecol Model 158 223-231. 

Furse, M.T., Moss D., Wright, J.F. and Armitage, P.D. (1984) The influence of seasonal taxonomic factors on the ordination and classification of running-water sites in Great Britain and on the prediction of their macro-invertebrate communities. Freshwater Biol., 14, 257-280. 

USEPA (1975) Methods for Acute Toxicity Testing with Fish, Macro-invertebrates and Amphibians, EPA-660/3-75-009. US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. 

EN ISO 27828 Water quality - Methods of biological sampling - Guidance on hand net sampling of aquatic benthic macro-invertebrates (ISO 7828 1985) 1994 Under revision... 

EN ISO 9391 Water Quality - Sampling in deep waters for macro-invertebrates - Guidance on the use of colonization, qualitative and quantitative samples (ISO 9391 1993) 1995 Under revision... 

EN ISO 8689-1 Water quality - Biological classification of rivers - Part 1 Guidance on the interpretation of biological quality data from surveys of benthic macro-invertebrates in running waters (ISO 8689-1 2000) 2000 Under review... 

Concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu) were measured in three species of aquatic macrophytes collected from the lakes (Fortuna, Nebunu, Razelm, Sinoe, Somova) - Ceratophyllum sp., Myriophyllum sp., Potamogeton sp., and aquatic macro-invertebrates -Chironomidae, Gammarus sp. 

Plant detritus (either attached or detached from the plant) undergoes physical fragmentation through the action of waves and currents, UV exposure, and through grazing activities of macro invertebrates. Fragmentation of plant detritus into small fractions (<1 mm) results in increased surface areas and accelerated microscale processes (such as enzymatic hydrolysis and catabolic activities). 

The aquatic macro-invertebrate Daphnia magna (water flea) is exposed to varying concentrations of the leachate, and the concentration (LC50) at which there is 50% mortahty is determined as a percentage of the full-strength solution. 

Parker, R.H. 1960. Ecology and distributional patterns of marine macro-invertebrates, northern Gulf of Mexico. In Recent Sediments, Shepard, F.P., Phleger, F.B., and van Andel T.J.H., eds.. Northwest Gulf of Mexico, Tulsa, OK, pp. 302-337. 

Van De Meutter, F., De Meester, L., Stoks, R. (2007). Metacommunity structure of pond macro invertebrates effects of dispersal mode and generation time. Ecology SS, 1687-1695. 

Breukelen, S. W. F. van and Brock, T. C. M. (1993) Response of a macro-invertebrate community to insecticide application in replicated freshwater microcosms with emphasis on the use of principal component analysis. ScL Total Environ, SuppL, 1993, 1047-58. 

Tsao R, Anderson TA, Coats JR. The inflnence of macro invertebrates on primary degradation of starch-containing polyethylene films. J Environ Polym Degrad 1993 1 301-306. 

Numerous aquatic macro-invertebrates are known to be susceptible to water acidification. 

---