Toxicants upper respiratory tract

Most aHyl compounds are toxic and many are irritants. Those with a low boiling point are lachrymators. Precautions should be taken at aH times to ensure safe handling (59). AHyl compounds are harmful and may be fatal if inhaled, swaHowed, or absorbed through skin. They are destmctive to the tissues of the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract, eyes, and skin (Table 4). 

Health and Safety Factors. Sulfuryl chloride is both corrosive to the skin and toxic upon inhalation. The TLV suggested by the manufacturer is 1 ppm. The vapors irritate the eyes and upper respiratory tract, causing prompt symptoms ranging from coughing to extreme bronchial irritation and pulmonary edema. The DOT label is Corrosive, Poison. 

In general, chi orohydrin s are relatively toxic irritants. They are harmhil if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. They cause irritation to the eyes, skin, mucous membrane, and upper respiratory tract. 

Health Hazards Information - Recommended Personal Protective Equipment Rubber gloves goggles or face shield Symptoms Folio-wing Exposure Syn toms unlikely from any form of exposure General Treatment for Exposure INHALATION remove to fresh air. EYES flush with water. SKIN flush with water, wash well with soap and water Toxicity by Inhalation (Threshold Limit Value) Data not available Short-Term Exposure Limits Data not available Toxicity by Ingestion Grade 2 oral LDjq 1,000 mg/kg (rabbit) Late Toxicity Prolonged inhalation of heated vapor produces irritation of upper respiratory tract in humans Vapor (Gas) Irritant Characteristics Odorless Liquid or Solid Irritant Characteristics Data not available Odor Threshold Data not available. 

The toxic action of bromine is similar to that of chlorine and can cause physiological damage to humans through inhalation and oral routes. It is an irritant to the mucous membranes of the eyes and upper respiratory tract. Severe exposures may result in pulmonary edema. Chronic exposure is similar to therapeutic ingestion of excessive bromides. 

Toxicity data are available for multiple laboratory species including, rhesus monkeys, squirrel monkeys, beagle dogs, rats, mice and hamsters. Nonlethal toxic effects include irritation of the upper respiratory tract, hemolysis, and... 

The human experience regarding the toxicity of acute exposures to monomethylhydrazine exposure is limited. The study by MacEwen et al. (1970) found that a 10-min exposure to monomethylhydrazine at 169 mg/m3 (90 ppm) resulted in minor ocular and upper respiratory tract irritation. 

The largest number of studies of the toxicity of acrolein in animals was conducted by way of inhalation, probably because acrolein has an appreciable vapor pressure under ambient conditions and inhalation is the principal exposure for humans (Beauchamp et al. 1985). Because of their intolerance to sharp and offensive odor and to intense irritation of conjunctiva and upper respiratory tract, humans have not suffered serious intoxication from acrolein. The strong lacrimatory effect of acrolein is usually a warning to occupational workers. Physiological perception of acrolein by humans begins at about 500 to 1000 pg/L air with eye and nasal irritation. The irritating effects compel afflicted individuals to immediately leave the polluted area (Beauchamp etal. 1985). Laboratory animals died from inhalation of 8000 to 11,000 pg/L after 4 to 6 h, mice from 875,000 pg/L after 1 min, and rats from 660 pg/L for 24 days (Table 10.4). Animals dying from... 

The GI tract plays the most significant role in toxicants entering the body through ingestion. Food or drink is the usual mechanism of exposure. Airborne particles (either solid or liquid) can also lodge in the mucus of the upper respiratory tract and be swallowed. 

The upper and lower respiratory tracts respond differently to the presence of toxicants. The upper respiratory tract is affected mostly by toxicants that are water soluble. These materials either react or dissolve in the mucus to form acids and bases. Toxicants in the lower respiratory tract affect the alveoli by physically blocking the transfer of gases (as with insoluble dusts) or reacting with the wall of the alveoli to produce corrosive or toxic substances. Phosgene gas, for example, reacts with the water on the alveoli wall to produce HC1 and carbon monoxide. 

SYSTEMIC EFFECTS Occurs primarily through inhalation and ingestion. The T vapor or aerosol is less toxic to the skin or eyes than the liquid form. When inhaled, the upper respiratory tract (nose, throat, tracheae) is inflamed after a few hours latency period, accompanied by sneezing, coughing and bronchitis, loss of appetite, diarrhea, fever, and apathy. Exposure to nearly lethal doses of T can produce injury to bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen as indicated by a drop in white blood cell (WBC) count and, therefore, results in increased susceptibility to local and systemic infections. Ingestion of T will produce severe stomach pains, vomiting, and bloody stools after a 15-20 minute latency period. 

Toxicology. g-Dichlorobenzene vapor is an irritant of the eyes and upper respiratory tract and is toxic to the liver. It is carcinogenic in experimental animals. 

Toxieology. Tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP) is of low toxicity, but the dust may be irritating to the eyes, upper respiratory tract, and skin. 

Studies in mice have shown that selective covalent binding of VDC occurs in the proximal tubules, the liver lobules, and the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract and corresponds to sites of potential toxicity. Additional events such as depletion of glutathione appear to be necessary for VDC-induced cell death to occur. 

Reserve for serious infections where less toxic antimicrobial agents are inappropriate. Do not use in patients with nonbacterial infections (ie, most upper respiratory tract infections). 

Hydrogen telluride is a highly toxic gas and a strong irritant to eyes, nose and upper respiratory tract. Toxic properties are similar to hydrogen selenide. Inhalation can cause damage to lungs, liver and spleen. Short exposure to a high concentration can be lethal. 

Patients with leukemia often suffer from infections of the upper respiratory tract before the diagnosis of their haematologic malignancy is made. Chemotherapy for malignancy causes toxic stomatitis and superinfection with yeasts may follow. In patients with diabetes mellitus, malignant otitis externa and fungal sinusitis (mucormycosis) can be life-threatening. 

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