Respiration patterns

Cheyne-Stokes respiration Pattern of breathing with gradual increase in depth and sometimes in rate to a maximum, followed by a decrease resulting in apnea. The cycles ordinarily are 30 seconds to 2 minutes in duration, with 5 to 30 seconds of apnea. 

Mitchell, D.T. Cooke, R.C. Water Uptake, Respiration Pattern and Lipid Utilization in Sclerotia of Claviceps purpurea During Germination Transactions of the British Mycological Society (1968) 51 (5) 731-736... 

Nisbet, L.J. Dickerson, A.G. Mantle, P.G. Changes in Respiration Patterns of Claviceps purpurea During Parasitic Development Transactions of the British Mycological Society (1977) 69 (1) 11-14... 

In order to reveal the mechanisms for the toxicity of heavy metals, pathological and biochemical analyses of the tissues are required. In addition, analyses of swimming behaviors of test fish are also helpful to inspect how the toxicity of heavy metals is expressed. Drummond [10] analyzed swimming ability, respmise to stimuli, and respiration patterns of fathead minnows, and classified the action of toxic substances into four groups narcosis, respiratory uncoupler, respiration irritant, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitor [10]. He did not analyze heavy metals, but the methods of his analyses are possibly applicable for evaluating the mode of action of heavy metals. 

Mitchell, D.T. and Cooke, R.C. (1967) Water uptake, respiration pattern and lipid utilization in sclerotia of C. purpurea during germination. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc., 51,731-736. 

Figure 1. Effects of i.v. injection of the enterotoxin on ECG, arterial blood pressure (B.R) and respiration pattern (SPG).

ANALEPTICS. When a CNS stimulant is prescribed for respiratory depression, initial patient assessments will include the blood pressure, pulse, and respiratory rate. It is important to note the depth of the respirations and any pattern to the respiratory rate, such as shallow respirations or alternating deep and shallow respirations. The nurse reviews recent laboratory tests (if any), such as arterial blood gas studies. Before administering the drug, the nurse ensures that the patient has a patent airway. Oxygen is usually administered before, during, and after drug administration. 

ANALEPTICS. After administration of an analeptic, the nurse carefully monitors the patient s respiratory rate and pattern until the respirations return to normal. The nurse monitors the level of consciousness, the blood pressure and pulse rate at 5- to 15-minute intervals or as ordered by the primary health care provider. The nurse may draw blood for arterial blood gas analysis at intervals to determine the effectiveness of the analeptic, as well as the need for additional drug therapy. It is... 

Personnel Protection 36 Passageways, pedestrian traffic patterns vs. hazardous locations 37 SCBA/respirator locations accessibility on all shifts... 

Walker, C. et al., Allergic and nonallergic asthmatics have distinct patterns of T-cell activation and cytokine production in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 146, 109, 1992. 

Gilabert JA, Parekh AB 2000 Respiring mitochondria determine the pattern of activation and inactivation of the store-operated Ca2+ current Icrac- EMBO J 19 6401-6407 lino M 1990 Biphasic Ca2+ dependence of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced Ca2+ release in smooth muscle cells of the guinea pig taenia caeci. J Gen Physiol 95 1103-1122 Iizuka K, Yoshii A, Dobashi K, Horie T, More M, Nakazawa T 1998 InsP3, but not novel Ca2+ releasers, contributes to agonist-initiated contraction in rabbit airway smooth muscle. J Physiol 511 915-933... 

In general, slow, deep inhalation followed by a period of breath holding increases the deposition of aerosols in the peripheral parts of the lungs, whereas rapid inhalation increases the deposition in the oropharynx and in the large central airways. Thus, the frequency of respiration (the flow velocity) and the depth of breath (tidal volume) influence the pattern of pulmonary penetration and deposition of inhaled aerosols. Therefore, an aerosol of ideal size will penetrate deeply into the respiratory tract and the lungs only when the aerosols are inhaled in the correct manner (Sackner, 1978 and Sackner et al., 1975). 

These studies show that when the accumulation of HOCs occurs solely by respiration or dermal absorption, BMO and SPMD rate constants correlated very well, but that concentrations in SPMDs are often higher than those in BMOs. However, good correlations between the fingerprints or patterns of HOC residues in BMO tissues and SPMDs would not be expected to hold, when diet plays a major role in the uptake of compounds with high TfowS (see Eq. 7.5). For example, Peven et al. (1996) compared the accumulation of organic contaminants by transplanted... 

Schroter, R. C., and M. R. Sudlow. Flow patterns in models of the human bronchial airways. Respir. Physiol. 7 341-355, 1%9. 

Ozone causes both quantitative and qualitative changes in carbon dioxide fixation patterns. Wilkinson and Bames, using carbon dioxide-found a reduction in radioactivity in soluble sugars and increases in free amino acids and sugar phosphates in white pine after a 10-min exposure to ozone at 0.10 ppm. Miller observed a decrease in carbon dioxide-fixation in ponderosa pines that correlated with loss of chlorophyll, after exposure to ozone at 0.30-0.35 ppm. The Hill reaction rates of chloroplasts isolated from healthy and ozone-injured ponderosa pine indicated that both light and dark reactions of the chloroplasts from ozone-injured plants were depressed. Barnes found depressed photosynthesis and stimulated respiration in seedlings of four pine species of the southeastern United States after exposure to ozone at 0.15 ppm. 

Blanchard C, ffynd AL, Minke KA, Minemoto T, Blanchard RJ (2001) Human defensive behaviors to threat scenarios show parallels to fear- and anxiety-related defense patterns of non-human mammals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 25 761-770 Bonham AC (1995) Neurotransmitters in the CNS control of breathing. Respir Physiol 101 219-230... 

As lead in automotive emissions has been found largely in the fine particle fraction (22, 23), it is reasonable to expect a similar size distribution pattern for manganese from automotive sources. This would explain the strong association between MN and PB in the factor analyses reported here. This probably also explains the association of MN (TSP samples) with several factors at low loadings, rather than with a single factor as the TSP samples would include the mass of respirable as well as coarse manganese. When the concentration of the tracers in coarse particles (calculated as the differences in concentration between the TSP and RSP samples) were included with the RSP data for factor analysis, a factor on which 20% of the total variance (No. 5, Table I) was loaded was obtained. 

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