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Resistant genotypes, effect

Mutikainen P, Walls M, Ovaska J, Keinanen M, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Vapaavuori E. 2000. Herbivore resistance in Betula pendula Effects of fertilization, defoliation, and genotype. Ecology 81 49-65. [Pg.551]

Another obvious genetic aspect of toxicology has to do with the level in skin of melanin, a pigment that makes skin dark. Melanin levels vary widely with genotype. Melanin confers resistance to the effects of solar ultraviolet radiation, which is absorbed by DNA in skin cells, causing damage that in the worst-case results in deadly melanoma skin cancer. Skin melanin is a chromophore (a... [Pg.194]

Both genotypic and phenotypic drug resistance assays are valuable tools in this respect. Where genotypic tests are fast and relatively cheap to monitor the presence of known resistance-related mutations, they suffer from known and unknown synergistic and antagonizing effects of combinations of mutations. Only phenotypic assays can measure the actual inhibitory effects of the antiviral drugs on the clinical HIV-1 isolate. Specific reverse transcriptase (RT) and... [Pg.223]

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Genotype

Genotype / genotyping

Genotypic

Genotyping

Resistance effects

Resistant effects

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