Resin types

Resin type and nominal percent cross-linkage Minimum wet capacity, mequiv mL Density (nominal), g mL Comments... 

Suspension- and emulsion-polymerized PVDF exhibit dissimilar behavior in solutions. The suspension resin type is readily soluble in many solvents even in good solvents, solutions of the emulsion resin type contain fractions of microgel, which contain more head-to-head chain defects than the soluble fraction of the resin (116). Concentrated solutions (15 wt %) and melt rheology of various PVDF types also display different behavior (132). The Mark-Houwink relation (rj = KM°-) for PVDF in A/-methylpyrrohdinone (NMP) containing 0.1 molar LiBr at 85°C, for the suspension (115) and emulsion... 

Specifications and Standards. Commercial PVDE resin types and standards are defined in ASTM D3222. A Hst of military and industrial specifications covering appHcations, material suppHers, and PVDE resin grades can be found in Reference 189. 

PhenoHc-based resins have almost disappeared. A few other resin types are available commercially but have not made a significant impact. Inorganic materials retain importance in a number of areas where synthetic organic ion-exchange resins are not normally used. Only the latter are discussed here. This article places emphasis on the styrenic and acryHc resins that are made as small beads. Other forms of synthetic ion-exchange materials such as membranes, papers, fibers (qv), foams (qv), and Hquid extractants are not included (see Extraction, liquid-liquid Membrane technology Paper.). 

Weak and strong acid-type resins are for removal of cations and are called cation exchangers. Weak and strong base resins remove anions and are called anion exchangers. In addition to these four resin types, there are specialty resins used in appHcations where higher specificity for certain ions under challenging conditions is a critical factor. 

Eig. 5. Pressure drop as affected by resin type, flow rate, and temperature, where A, B, and C, correspond respectively to acryUc strong base anion exchanger (Amberlite IRA-458), styrenic strong base anion exchanger (Amberlite IRA-402), and styrenic strong acid cation exchanger (Amberlite IR-120), all at 4°C. D represents styrenic strong acid cation resin (Amberlite IR-120) at 50°C (14). To convert kg/(cm -m) to lb/(in. -ft), multiply by 4.33 to convert... 

Fig. 6. Bed expansion as affected by resin type, flow rate, and temperature, where A represents a strong base styrenic resin in the CF form at 4°C, and B...

Plastisol Viscosity and Viscosity Stability. After the primary contribution of the resin type in terms of its particle size and particle size distribution, for a given PVC resin, plastisol viscosity has a secondary dependence on plasticizer viscosity. The lower molecular weight and more linear esters have the lowest viscosity and hence show the lowest plastisol viscosity, ie, plastisol viscosity for a common set of other formulation ingredients... 

Table 4 lists plastics consumed in building and constmction vs total U.S. plastics consumption for 1990. There was more PVC consumed in the building and constmction sector than any other resin type. 

Phenolics are consumed at roughly half the volume of PVC, and all other plastics are consumed in low volume quantities, mosdy in single apphcation niches, unlike workhorse resins such as PVC, phenoHc, urea—melamine, and polyurethane. More expensive engineering resins have a very limited role in the building materials sector except where specific value-added properties for a premium are justified. Except for the potential role of recycled engineering plastics in certain appHcations, the competitive nature of this market and the emphasis placed on end use economics indicates that commodity plastics will continue to dominate in consumption. The apphcation content of each resin type is noted in Table 2. Comparative prices can be seen in Table 5. The most dynamic growth among important sector resins has been seen with phenoHc, acryUc, polyurethane, LLDPE/LDPE, PVC, and polystyrene. 

The distribution of powder coating sales by resin type for various geographical areas is given in Table 5. The polyester—epoxy hybrids account for 50% of the European market, yet have only market share <25% in the rest of the world. Similarly, the polyester urethanes, which account for only a small market share in Europe, find significant usage in the United States andjapan. AcryUcs hold a significant share only in the Japanese market. 

Other Coatings Resins. A wide variety of other resin types are used in coatings. PhenoHc resins, ie, resins based on reaction of phenols and formaldehyde, have been used in coatings for many years. Use has been declining but there are stUl significant appHcations, particularly with epoxy resins in interior can coatings. 

Ratings are for a mildly activated resin (Type RMA) flux. 

Counterion Type I resin Type II resin f Coiinte rion Type I resin Type II resin ... 

The monomers, eatalysts or hardeners, or plastieizers ean inelude ehemieals with the potential to irritate the skin, mueous membranes or respiratory traet. Some ean promote skin or respiratory sensitization. The range of ehemieals in use is extremely wide, so that referenee should be made to the Materials Safety Data Sheet for eaeh speeifie formulation or variation of it identifiable by referenee to the supplier s proprietary name and eode number. Some eommon resin types are summarized in Table 5.55. 

Resin type Examples Skin contact Inhalation Ingestion... 

The acid number is mainly defined for rosins and rosin-derived resins and for phenol-modified resins. Standard hydrocarbon resins have zero acid number because the absence of functional groups. However, the acid number allows one to control deterioration by oxidation with formation of carbonyl and carboxyl groups in hydrocarbon resins. Typical acid number values of different resin types are ... 

In general, resins are compatible with a large number of materials (oils, plasticizers, polyethylene waxes, rubbers). Compatibility depends on resin type, molecular weight and its distribution, resin structure and configuration, and finally on application requirements. 

Effect of resin type on heat resistance of solvent-borne CR adhesives... 

Fig. 38. Effect of resin type in Neoprene latex 750 adhesives on canvas-to-canvas peel strength. Bonds aged 7 days at room temperature [14].

Compo- sition number Resin type/parts per 100 parts of mbber (phr) Sulfur (phr) Y Method of preparation Cross- link density, r/2 (moles X 10 per ml of mbber) Rubber particle size (pm) Young s modulus (MPa) Stress at 100% strain (MPa) Tens. str. (MPa) UlL elong. (%) Tens. set (%)... 

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