Resin acids saponification

Gum Elemi. This resin, tapped from trees in the Philippines, contains a higher concentration of essential oils than other natural resins. It is a soft, sticky, plastic material that can be deformed manually. Gum elemi [9000-75-3] contains 20—25% essential oils, 13—19% acids, 30—35% resenes (condensed decarboxylated resin acids), and 20—25% terpenic resinols (condensed terpene alcohols). It has an acid number of 20—35 and a saponification number of 20—40. Gum elemi is a film-forming plasticizing resin used in lacquers. 

Tho formation of yellow soap from rosin depends on the direct combination of the resin acids with soda. No glycerin is eliminated, there being np proper saponification. The compounds formed, however, by the union of soda with rosin are not separable from their... 

Use Solvent for sulfur, acid gases, various resins, dyes saponification agent for acidic materials fuel component. 

Staybelite [Aqualon]. TM for hydrogenated rosin, a pale, thermoplastic resin. Acid number 165, USDA color X, softening point 75C, saponification number 167. 

The saponification number, which is a measure of the total amount of carboxylic groups a decrease in this value is indicative of resin acid decarboxylation. 

Naturally occurring lipid mixtures have a composition of such extreme complexity that the analysis by chemical methods of a group of these substances or the determination of a single compound in such mixtures, appears hopeless. Up to about ten years ago, lipid mixtures were characterised by totals like acid-, saponification-, iodine-, thio-cyanogen- and diene- numbers . The determination of the amount of non-saponifiable matter after alkaline hydrolysis was a standard method in the analysis of fats. Phospholipids and sulpholipids were quantitatively determined as inorganic phosphate and sulphate after combustion. These methods were supplemented by detection of subsidiary fat constituents like lipochromes, sterols and resin acids, with the help of colour reactions. 

The careful removal of lignin by bleaching does not always remove the extractives, however. For example, chlorination of unsaturated fatty acids increases the difficulty of saponification on subsequent treatments. In addition the resin becomes more hydrophobic. If the resin acids are chlorinated, their solubility is decreased and their ability to solubilize neutral resin substances such as sterols is reduced. On the other hand, bleaching with chlorine dioxide produces components that are easily saponified with alkali, and the free acids can solubilize some of the other components (13). 

Composition of acids and neutral substances after saponification is shown in Table 19. It is apparent from the table that the extract contains -30% of neutral substances and b0% of acids. Using gas-liquid chromatography 9 higher fatty acids and 10 resin acids were identified in carbon-dioxide extracts of pine shoots (Table 20). 

Sandarac. This resin, which originates in Morocco, is a polar, acidic, hard resin with a softening point of 100—130°C, an acid number of 117—155, and a saponification number of 145—157. Sandarac [9000-57-1] is soluble in alcohols and insoluble in aryl and aUphatic hydrocarbons. It is used in varnishes and lacquers for coating paper, wood, and metal. 

Mastic. Most commercial mastic [61789-92-2] is collected on the Greek island of Chios, near the Turkish coast. It is a soft resin with a softening point of 55°C. It has an acid number of 50—70 and a saponification number of 62—90. It is soluble in alcohols and aryl hydrocarbons. Mastic is used in wood coatings, lacquers, adhesives, and printing inks. 

Solvent Recovery. A mixture of methanol and methyl acetate is obtained after saponification. The methyl acetate can be sold as a solvent or converted back into acetic acid and methanol using a cationic-exchange resin such as a cross-linked styrene—sulfonic acid gel (273—276). The methyl acetate and methanol mixture is separated by extractive distillation using water or ethylene glycol (277—281). Water is preferred if the methyl acetate is to be hydroly2ed to acetic acid. The resulting acetic acid solution is concentrated by extraction or a2eotropic distillation. 

The PVA process is highly capital-iatensive, as separate faciUties are required for the production of poly(viayl acetate), its saponification to PVA, the recovery of unreacted monomer, and the production of acetic acid from the ester formed during alcoholysis. Capital costs are far in excess of those associated with the traditional production of other vinyl resins. 

The major components of camauba wax are aHphatic and aromatic esters of long-chain alcohols and acids, with smaller amounts of free fatty acids and alcohols, and resins. Camauba wax is very hard, with a penetration of 2 dmm at 25°C and only 3 dmm at 43.3°C. Camauba also has one of the higher melting points for the natural waxes at 84°C, with a viscosity of 3960 rare]/s at 98.9°C, an acid number of 8, and a saponification number of 80. 

The major components of candelilla wax are hydrocarbons, esters of long-chain alcohols and acids, long-chain alcohols, sterols, and neutral resins, and long-chain acids. Typically, candelilla wax has a melting point of 70°C, a penetration of 3 drum at 25°C, an acid number of 14, and a saponification number of 55. Principal markets for candelilla include cosmetics, foods, and pharmaceuticals. The FDA affirmed Candelilla as GRAS for certain food apphcations in 21 CFR 184.1976. 

Japan Wax. Japan wax [8001-39-6] is a fat and is derived from the berries of a small tree native to Japan and China cultivated for its wax. Japan wax is composed of triglycerides, primarily tripalmitin. Japan wax typically has a melting point of 53°C, an acid number of 18, and a saponification number of 217. Principal markets include the formulation of candles, poHshes, lubricants, and as an additive to thermoplastic resins. The product has some food-related apphcations. 

The composition of montan wax depends on the material from which it is extracted, but all contain varying amounts of wax, resin, and asphalt. Black montan wax may be further processed to remove the resins and asphalt, and is known as refined montan wax. White montan wax has been reacted with alcohols to form esters. The wax component of montan is a mixture of long-chain (C24—C q) esters (62—68 wt %), long-chain acids (22—26 wt %), and long-chain alcohols, ketones, and hydrocarbons (7—15 wt %). Cmde montan wax from Germany typically has a melting point of 80°C, an acid number of 32, and a saponification number of 92. 

Commercial data sheets generally provide the following properties for the resins softening point colour degree of unsaturation acid number saponification number density ash content odour. 

The whole range of carboxylic acids and alcohols can be reacted to form esters. They are found in a large number of natural and synthetic scents and perfumes because of their pleasant odor. Many are used as solvents for paints and resins. Esters are converted back into the original acids and alcohols hy reaction with strong bases in water in a process called saponification (soap formation). 

Poly(vinyl alcohol) has the structure 10.67. Poly(vinyl acetate) is the fully esterified derivative of polyfvinyl alcohol), in which the -OH groups are replaced by -OCOCH3 groups. As indicated in Table 10.5, commercial polyvinyl sizes are effectively copolymers of polyfvinyl acetate) and polyfvinyl alcohol) that vary in the degree of saponification of the ester groups. These products may comprise 100% of either polymer, or combinations of the two monomers in any proportions. Crotonic acid (2-butenoic acid), widely used in the preparation of resins, may also be a component. This compound exhibits cis-trans isomerism (Scheme 10.17). The solid trans form is produced readily by catalysed rearrangement of the liquid cis isomer. 

The homopolymeric carboxyalkyl silicone is precipitated from the saponification mixture by adjustment of the pH to about 1. After standing over night a clear, viscous silicone is deposited on the bottom of the vessel, The silicone is rinsed acid-free, and heated to 100°C in vacuo to remove last traces of water and low molecular weight substances. Then the resinous silicone is heated to 180°C under nitrogen for approximately 1 hour in order to condense most of the residual silanol groups. The presence of free silanol groups in... 

Finally, saponification of 26 followed by acid treatment (Dowex resin) afforded racemic NeuSAc, whose NMR spectrum (490 MHz) and chromatographic properties were identical with those of authentic NeuSAc. An efficient and stereoselective total synthesis of Neu5Ac had been accomplished as shown in Figure 6. 

Simple syntheses of suitable monomers for nylon 5 and nylon 6 analogs, such as 5-amino-5-deoxyaldonic and 6-amino-6-deoxyaldonic acids (51, 54), has been achieved starting from unprotected o-pentono- and hexono-1,4-lactones [68, 69]. Saponification of 5- or 6-azido-D-aldonolactones ribo-, arabino-, xylo-, galacto-, manno-, compound types 49 and 52) provided the corresponding 5- or 6-azido-aldonic acid sodium salts (50, 53). A catalytic hydrogenation after or before treatment with acidic resin afforded compounds 51 and 54 in excellent overall yields (Scheme 16). 

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