Acid Saponification

Solidification gravity Refractive Acid Saponification Iodine... 

Preparation. The industrial production of malonic acid is much less important than that of the malonates. Malonic acid is usually produced by acid saponification of malonates (9). Further methods which have been recendy investigated are the ozonolysis of cyclopentadiene [542-92-7] (10), the air oxidation of 1,3-propanediol [504-63-2] (11), or the use of microorganisms for converting nitriles into acids (12). 

Alternately, the N-acylated derivative of the substituted phenothiazine (112) is oxidized to the corresponding sulfoxide by means of periodic acid. Saponification (113) followed by alkylation with the above side chain affords thioridazine (114)... 

Bases react with esters to form an alcohol and carboxylic acid ( saponification ) Bases can be corrosive... 

A Berger, E Katchalski. Poly-L-aspartic acid, (saponification). J Am Chem Soc 73, 4084, 1951. 

An alternative procedure involves the release of the fatty acids by alkaline hydrolysis (saponification) by refluxing the extracted sample with dilute alcoholic potassium hydroxide for 1 h. After cooling, adding water and acidifying, the fatty acids are extracted into diethyl ether. The methyl esters can then be prepared by treatment with diazomethane, which may also be used directly on free fatty acids. Saponification is less satisfactory, because it is a lengthy procedure and often results in the loss of lipid components. 

Phase-transfer conditions are used in the synthesis of cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylic acid (13). The pivotal step in this procedure is the initial ring formation to give the intermediate diethyl cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylate, which then undergoes subsequent acidic saponification to afford 13. albeit in a meager 23% yield.23 24... 

Tikis ash contains carbonate of soda sometimes to tho amount of ninety-five or ninety-six per cent, It is, however, essentially necessary in the production of soap, that the alkali should bo rendered caustic—-that Is, set free from combination by the removal of carbonic acid as, if it be in chemical union with any other body, it has no decomposing power over the oils or fats. Even if combined with the weakest acids, saponification will not ensue and the greatest care should, therefore, be exercised in tin s preliminary process—the preparation of the lies. The process for causticlzing is the same in principle for tile preparation both of soda and potassa lies, It depends upon tiro greater affinity of lime than of soda or potassa for carbonic acid, and the decomposition is one of tho most simple, thus—... 

The following specifications should conform to the representations of the vendor Acid Value, Acylated Monolactic Acid, Acylated Polylactic Acid, Free Fatty Acids, Total Lactic Acid, Saponification Value, and Water. 

These olefins were transformed into unsaturated acetates by Woodward s protocol with iodine, silver acetate, and acetic acid. Saponification and subsequent oxidation of the liberated alcohols with Collin s reagent resulted in a 2 1 mixture of conjugated enones, 162 and 163, in mediocre yields (Scheme 16). The minor enone 163 was transformed into the cyanoketone 164 by 1,4-addition using... 

Besides low temperature processes such as solvolysis and alkaline or acid saponification described above, which are usually accomplished in a liquid media at high pressure, there are also high-temperature processes from 300°C to more than 1000°C, at fairly low... 

A slight excess of alcoholic potassium hydroxide is reacted with a measured amount of oil sample and boiled gently under reflux with an air condenser. A blank is similarly treated. Upon complete saponification, the treated sample and blank are titrated with 0.5 N hydrochloric acid. Saponification value = (B — S) x 0.5 N HCl X 56.1/g oil where B = titer of blank in mL and S = titer of sample in mL. 

Moisture Insoluble Matter Unsaponificable Matter Total MIU Total Fatty Acids Free Fatty Acids Oxidized Fatty Acids Saponification Number Acetone Insolubles Metabolizable Energy Value... 

It was characterized by oxidation with peroxypropionic acid to the crystalline tetra-O-acetylallaric acid. Saponification of the tetraacetate gave allaric acid, which was converted to several derivatives. The 2,3 4,5-di-0-isopropylidene acetal of alZo-hexodialdose was obtained by lead tetraacetate oxidation of l,2 3,4-di-0-isopropylidene-epf-inositol, as briefly reported by Angyal and C. G. MacDonald. ... 

The alkaloid pseudaconitine (CCLIII) was first isolated in 1877 from the roots of A. ferox Wall., a plant indigenous to the Himalayas and called bish by the natives (119). It was soon observed that saponification gave acetic and dimethylprotocatechuic acid (veratric acid) and a base named pseudaconine (CCLIV) (120). Later researchers found that the hydrolysis of pseudaconitine can occur in two steps (121). Thus, heating an aqueous neutral solution of pseudaconitine sulfate in a sealed tube produced veratrylpseudaconine (CCLV) and acetic acid. Saponification of CCLV then gave pseudaconine and veratric acid. The observation... 

Fatty acids Saponification Micelles Surfactant Phospholipids Waxes Steroids Cholesterol... 

Imines with acceptor substitutents, for instance the A/ -tosylimine of the glyoxylic ester 187, add to 1,3-dienes (e.g. 2,3-dimethylbuta-1,3-diene) to produce tetrahydropyridines (e.g. 188). Elimination of sulfinic acid, saponification and dehydrogenation lead to pyridine-2-carboxylic acids (e.g. 189) ... 

Nonhydrolyzable lipids are not cleaved into smaller molecules by hydrolysis (including acid, saponification, and digestion) because of the absence of ester groups. Three classes of compounds comprise the nonsaponifiable lipids, as shown in the bottom of Fig. 19-1. Steroids contain a four-ring system of three 6-membered rings and one 5-membered ring ... 

Analysis. Solvent purity is assessed by means of gas chromatography [14.175]-[14.181], physical properties, water content, evaporation residue, and acid, saponification, and hydroxyl numbers [14.182]. Color and smell are also evaluated. 

Naturally occurring lipid mixtures have a composition of such extreme complexity that the analysis by chemical methods of a group of these substances or the determination of a single compound in such mixtures, appears hopeless. Up to about ten years ago, lipid mixtures were characterised by totals like acid-, saponification-, iodine-, thio-cyanogen- and diene- numbers . The determination of the amount of non-saponifiable matter after alkaline hydrolysis was a standard method in the analysis of fats. Phospholipids and sulpholipids were quantitatively determined as inorganic phosphate and sulphate after combustion. These methods were supplemented by detection of subsidiary fat constituents like lipochromes, sterols and resin acids, with the help of colour reactions. 

Hydrolysis of Methylbenzoate to Benzoic Acid (Saponification) Saponification of methylbenzoate in aqueous sodium hydroxide under microwave conditions (2.5 min) gives 84% yield of the benzoic acid (Scheme 7). 

Catalytic hydrogenation of magnolol (4.2a) led to tetrahydro-magnolol, for which structure 49b was confirmed by synthesis (Chart 15). The nature of the side chain of 4.2a was ascertained by treatment with alkali in AmOH, which gave isomagnolol, and KMn04-oxidation of the diacetate to diacetoxybiphenyldiacetic acid and diacetoxybiphenyl-dicarboxylic acid. Saponification and decarboxylation (HCl at 270°)... 

B. Examination of the Acidic Saponification Product.—Cool the residue in the distilling bulb and acidify with dilute H2SO4. Benzoic acid will separate. Do not mistake a precipitate of sodium, sulfate for an organic acid. If in doubt, test the solubility of the product in ether. 

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