Aryl hydrocarbons

Wurtz - Fittig reaction. The interaction of an aryl halide, alkyl hahde and sodium gives a reasonable yield of an alkyl aryl hydrocarbon, for example ... 

East India. Resins. The East India resins are related to the dammars, although they are older and harder. They are not obtained by tapping trees, but are collected where they are found, principally in Indonesia. Because they are semifossil resins, their softening points are high, ranging from about 110—130°C. The East India resins [9000-16-2] have low (20—30) acid numbers. They are soluble only in aryl hydrocarbons and hydrogenated aUphatic hydrocarbons, and are used primarily in coatings. 

Mastic. Most commercial mastic [61789-92-2] is collected on the Greek island of Chios, near the Turkish coast. It is a soft resin with a softening point of 55°C. It has an acid number of 50—70 and a saponification number of 62—90. It is soluble in alcohols and aryl hydrocarbons. Mastic is used in wood coatings, lacquers, adhesives, and printing inks. 

Indolo[3,2-fi]carbazole (4) has also been the focus of many recent studies, since the discovery in the 1980s that 4 and several derivatives thereof are powerful aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligands. The remaining three isomers have been more... 

The most recent synthetic efforts in this area have focused on the preparation of mono- and diformyl-substituted indolo[3,2-l)]carbazoles 202 and 203, which are potent aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligands (cf. Section V,C). 

C. Biological Effects 1. Background The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor... 

Eernandez-Salguero, P.M., Hilbert, D.M., Rudikoff, S. et al. (1996). Aryl-hydrocarbon receptor-deficient mice are resistant to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced toxicity. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 140, 173-179. 

Ah receptor (Aryl hydrocarbon receptor) A receptor located on a cytoplasmic protein to which planar componnds snch as PAHs, coplanar PCBs, and PCDDs bind. Binding initiates the indnction of cytochrome P4501A1/2. 

Marlowe, J.L. and Puga, A. (2005). Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, cell cycle regulation, toxicity, and tumorigenesis. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 96, 1174-1184. 

Okey, A.B. (2007). Special contribution—An aryl hydrocarbon receptor odyssey to the shores of toxicology The Deichmann Lecture, International Congress of Toxicology-XI. Toxicological Sciences 98, 5-38. 

Pocar, P., Fischer, B., and Klonisch, T. et al. (2005). Molecular interactions of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and its biological and toxicological relevance for reproduction. Reproduction 129, 379-389. 

Safe, S. (2001). PCBs as aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists. In PCBs Recent Advances in Experimental Toxicology and Health Effects. L.W. Robertson and L.G. Hansen (Eds.) Lexington University of Kentucky Press, 171-178. 

Hu J, X Jin, S Kunikane, Y Terao, T Aizawa (2006) Transformation of pyrene in aqueous chlorination in the presence and absence of bromide kinetics, products, and their aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated activities. Environ Sci Technol 40 487-493. 

Ferris IP, LH MacDonald, MA Patrie, MA Martin (1976) Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in the fungus Cunninghamella bainierr, evidence for the presence of cytochrome P-450. Arch Biochem Biophys 175 443-452. 

Horii Y, Khim JS, Higley EB, Giesy JP, Ohura T, Kannan K (2009) Relative potencies of individual chlorinated and brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for induction of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated responses. Environ Sci Technol 43(6) 2159-2165. doi 10.102 l/es8030402... 

The active component of a carrier formulation is generally a nonionic compound of Mr 150-200 containing a benzenoid ring system. A comprehensive review listed the classes of compounds used together with their general properties, ideal requirements and the mechanisms that have been proposed for carrier action [115]. Carrier compounds fall into four main classes phenols, primary arylamines, aryl hydrocarbons and aryl esters. Major... 

Laboratory studies have reported an excellent correlation between the toxicities of the dibenzo-p-dioxins and related compounds and their abilities to induce aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity (Poland and Knutson 1982), suggesting that some mechanistic features may be common to both the toxic and AHH-inducing activities of these compounds. Indeed, both the toxicities and the AHH-inducing activities of the dibenzo-p-diox-ins have found to correlate well with binding affinities to a cytosolic receptor (Poland, Greenlee, and Kende 1979 Poland and Knutson 1982). 

Cheney, B. V. 1982. Structural Factors Affecting Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase Induction of Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans. Int. J. Quant. Chem. 21,445. 

AhR Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (also known as dioxin receptor)... 

Sunscreens and their degradation metabolites analyzed in this study are potential inducers of the oestrogen (ER) and aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhR, also known as Dioxin Receptor). Ectopic activation of these pathways can cause severe damage to organisms and their ecosystem by altering reproduction, hormonal and/or circulatory systems [73-75] as well as they have been associated with carcinogenic and mutagenic effects [76-78]. 

FlahnME, KarchnerSI, Shapiro MA, Perera SA (1997) Molecular evolution of two vertebrate aryl hydrocarbon (dioxin) receptors (AHR1 and AHR2) and the PAS family. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 13743-13748... 

Safe (1984, 1990) described three classes of PCB congeners on the basis of their ability to induce benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase (also known as aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase or AHH) and ethoxyresoruhn O-deethylase (EROD) activities ... 

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