Residues in milk

Ahmed HF. 2000. Monitoring methyl parathion residues in milk and yogurt, and fate of [ " C] methyl parathion during milk processing. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 65 207-214. 

Mallatou H, Pappas CP, Kondyli E, et al. 1997. Pesticide residues in milk and cheeses from Greece. Sci Total Environ 196 111-117. 

Of the 91 samples of breast milk analyzed, only 2 had detectable quantities of endosulfan (concentrations not specified). In another study, the transfer of endosulfan and its metabolites were studied in breast milk of lactafing goats (Indraningsih et al. 1993). Endosulfan residues in milk of goats administered a daily dose of 1 mg/kg for 28 days reached 0.02 mg/kg on day 1. However, by day 8, no residues or metabolites could be detected. Likewise, no endosulfan residues could be detected in the tissues of kids except for a-endosulfan in the liver at a concentration of 0.0011 mg/kg. Analysis of milk from cows... 

Braun HE, Lobb BT. 1976. Residues in milk and organs in a dairy herd following acute endosulfan intoxication. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 56 373-376. 

McCaskey TA, Liska BJ. 1967. Effect of milk processing methods on endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, and chlordane residues in milk. J Dairy Sci 50 1991-1993. 

A monoclonal antibody-based ELISA has been utilized to determine ceftiofur levels in milk. The authors noted that matrix interference occurred, but a 1 100 dilution lowered the interference, and a 1 1000 dilution eliminated the matrix interference. Because of the high dilution, samples could not be measured below l.Opgkg The assay measured ceftiofur, its major metabolite desfuroylceftiofur, and ceftiofur protein conjugates and has been utilized to measure residues in milk from cows treated with therapeutic doses of the drug. The results from the incurred residue correlated well with a previous study using radiolabeled ceftiofur, confirming the detection of a metabolite that was not detected by HPLC. 

No detectable residues in milk and tissues, except liver (0.01 mg/kg FW) liver residues remained detectable after a 7-day withdrawal period No detectable residues in milk and tissues, except liver (0.08 mg/kg FW) liver residues remained detectable after a 7-day withdrawal period Liver residue of 0.54 mg/kg FW remained elevated after a 7-day withdrawal period residues in milk reached 0.013 mg/L within the first few days of feeding and declined to nondetectable (ND) levels after a 4-day withdrawal period No detectable residues in any tissue. Tb 1/2 of 4-5 days in manure manure gave >95% control of larvae of the face fly, Musca autumnalis No detectable residues in any tissue except omental fat (0.1 mg/kg FW). No houseflies (Musca domestica) or face flies developed in manure No detectable diflubenzuron residues in heart, muscle, or kidney 130 pg/kg FW in liver about 250 pg/kg FW in subcutaneous fat... 

Concentrations in milk on day of withdrawal were 0.025 mg famphur/L and 0.023 mg famoxon/L. During the next four milkings (i.e., through day 8 posttreatment), famphur and famoxon residues in milk were always <0.005 mg/L... 

At the 2 lowest doses, significant depression from day 2 through day 14 blood cholinesterase normal at day 21. At 60.75 mg/kg, blood cholinesterase decreased for entire 49-day posttreatment. No outward signs of organophosphate intoxication and normal food intake and demeanor At 24 h, whole milk had 0.24 mg famphur/L of which 76% was in the butterfat fraction after 72 h, residues in milk were <0.008 mg/L... 

After last application, no detectable fenvalerate residues were found in milk after 6 h maximum residues in milk were 1.14 pg/L after 3 days, 0.42 in 4 days, and not detectable after 7 days... 

Maximum residues in milk, in pg/L, after last treatment were 6.8 after 6 h, 2.9 after 3 days, 2.5 at 7 days, 1.3 at 14 days, and <0.2 at 3 weeks. About 0.05% of the applied fenvalerate appeared in the milk as the intact insecticide over the 59-day study period... 

Frank, R., H.E. Braun, L.A. Miller, and G.W. Allan. 1984. Fenvalerate residues in milk following topical treatments to dairy cows. Pestic. Sci. 15 600-604. 

Firestone, D., M. Clower, Jr., A.P. Borsetti, R.H. Teske, and P.E. Long. 1979. Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and pentachlorophenol residues in milk and blood of cows fed technical pentachlorophenol. Jour. Agric. Food Chem. 27 1171-1177. 

J. Kramer, G. Carter, B. Arret, J. Wilner, W. Wright, and A. Kirshbaum, Antibiotic Residues in Milk, Dairy Products, and Animal Tissues Methods, Reports, and Protocols,... 

Several qualitative and quantitative immunochemical methods for CAP analysis in biological matrices of animal origin have been described [101,102, 104,105] (see Table 3). Van de Water et al. [ 102] described an ELISA that detected CAP in swine muscle tissue with an IC50 value of 3 ng mL1. This immunoassay was improved and subsequently optimized incorporating the streptavidin-biotin amplification system. There are also several commercially available test kits (see Table 4). RIDASCREEN is a competitive enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative analysis of CAP residues in milk, eggs, and meat in a microtiter plate. The measurement is made photometrically, obtaining a LOD of 100 ng L 1 in meat and eggs and 150 ng L 1 in milk. The test has been also applied to the analysis of tetracyclines. 

On the other hand, the 5091 CAP lp test is a direct competitive enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative analysis of these residues in milk, eggs, meat,... 

Other studies further indicate that the occurrence of endrin in the U.S. food supply is very low. In a 1990-91 FDA survey of pesticide residues in milk representing most of the U.S. supply consumed in metropolitan areas, endrin was detected at trace levels (0.0005-0.001 ppm [0.5-1.0 ppb]) in only 2 of 806 composite samples (one sample each from Atlanta, Georgia and Dover, Delaware) (Trotter and Dickerson 1993). In another statistically based FDA study in 1992-93, endrin was not found as a violative residue in any of 710 domestic or 949 imported pear samples (Roy et al. 1995). Endrin was not reported among the pesticides detected in a 1994 FDA survey of pesticide levels in 160 samples of catfish, crayfish, shrimp, trout, salmon, oysters, and various other species from important aquaculture areas of the United States (FDA 1995). Comparable results were found in similar studies conducted by the FDA in 1990-93 (FDA 1995). 

Manes J, Font G, Pico Y. 1993. Evaluation of a solid-phase extraction system for determining pesticide residues in milk. J Chromatog 642 195-204. 

Posyniak A, Stec J. 1980. The method for determination of Kelevan and Kepone residues in milk. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy 24(1-4) 76-81. 

Residues in milk oeeur primarily as the result of the treatment of laetating eows for mastitis and post partum prevention of infeetion. Antibiotie and antimierobial residues in milk can pose significant problems in the making of milk products and cheeses. In the U.S., the primary drugs of concern are those of the p-lactam family, the sulfonamides and tetracyclines the p-lactams because of their ability to inhibit the starter cultures used in cheese and cultured milk products the tetracyclines and sulfonamides because of their... 

Residual antibiotics. With the widespread use of antibiotics in feeds the occurrence of residuals in milk, meat and eggs becomes inevitable. These residuals result primarily from failure by the producer to adhere to adequate withdrawal periods following the use of the antibiotics. In a review by Katz ( ), residual antibiotics were found in all animal species marketed in 1976 - 1978. 

The Charm Test was initially applied to the analysis of 3-lactam residues in milk although its application to the analysis of body, fluids, meat extracts, and fermentation broths was indicated. There appears to be no rationale why this basic procedure cannot be applied to all types of matrices (water, soil, animal feeds, premixes). ... 

The primary application of the procedure is the determination of the presence or absence of 3-lactam 7) residues in milk and secondarily to measure the levels quantitatively. The receptor assay system has now been expanded to qualitatively detect residues of tetracycline, erythromycin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, novobiocin, and sulfamethazine in milk, serum and urine (Table II) (30). 

Basically the procedure to detect 3-lactam residues in milk is remarkably simple. A 5 mL sample of milk is used. To this is added the C-labelled 3-lactam and the bacterial receptor sites. 

No change in feed or water intake or milk production acrolein residues in milk <500 pg/L... 

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