Residential use

Weston DP, Holmes RW, You J, Lydy MJ (2005) Aquatic toxicity due to residential use of pyrethroid insecticides. Environ Sci Technol 39(24) 9778-9784... 

Extensive testing was also carried out to assess future hazards for human habitation and residential use of the area. This testing was carried out in an extensive program funded by EPA In 1980-81 after remedial drainage construction work at the Canal was complete (O. All of the survey design and technical laboratory problems described above were encountered in this program. Despite extensive efforts to meet requirements for sample size and distribution, to provide for adequate control sampling away from the Canal area, and... 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Manufacturers to Use New Wood Preservatives, Replacing Most Residential Uses of CCA, http // www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/chemicals/cca transition.htm (verified 7 May 2003), 2002b. 

The team led by Whyatt used regression analysis to assess whether there was a difference in the association between chlorpyrifos exposure and birth outcome before and after the EPA s action in the summer of 2000 which had ended residential use of chlorpyrifos. Prior to 2001, chlorpyrifos clearly had an impact on birth outcome, but after the EPA action taken in June 2000, levels of exposure declined and there was no longer a statistically significant association between insecticide exposure and birth outcome (Whyatt et al., 2004, 2005). This study provides encouraging evidence linking an action driven by the FQPA to a significant reduction in prenatal and infant exposures and risk. 

Hawaiian streams received most of their lead from urban runoff, vehicle sources, and agricultural and residential use of lead arsenate (May and McKinney 1981). 

The standards that do exist, such as those provided under American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z21.83, only cover part of the product market. In the installation of fuel cells for residential use, the ANSI standard does not apply. If it were, some of the requirements could be excessive and push up costs. The standard may also miss problems unique to residential users. 

Japan 2 and 30 kWe PEFC pilot plants have been promoted in Japan as a part of New Sunshine Program. The 2 kWe plant is for residential use and will be developed by Sanyo Electric. The plant is scheduled for testing in 2000. 

A minor part of mined fossil fuels is used as a raw material for the chemical industry (e.g., plastics, synthetic fabrics, carbon black, ammonia, and fertilizers). The major part supplies the energy needs for modem society. Fossil fuels supply about 86% of global primary energy consumption (39% oil, 24% coal, and 23% natural gas), providing energy for transportation, electricity generation, and industrial, commercial, and residential uses (El A 2001). Coal, and to a lesser extent oil, combustion leaves a significant amount of solid waste. The treatment of solid waste from fossil fuel combustion is treated in different chapters of this book. In this chapter we focus on air emissions of fossil fuel combustion, and their impact on human health and the environment. 

According to current plans, the portion of PCD not being considered for commercial development will be converted into a wildlife refuge. The exact end-use requirements of the site have not been determined some areas are classified for residential use, others for industrial use, and still others for a wildlife refuge. 

Arsenicals of recent interest include the wood preservatives chromated copper arsenate (CCA) (Chapter 5). Because of the concern over the potential toxic effects of arsenic in the preservative, in an agreement with the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the wood preservative industry voluntary phased out the use of CCA in wood for residential use in 2003 (Katz and Salem, 2005). However, CCA-treated wood can still be used in industrial applications. A problem in the future will be how to safely dispose of CCA-treated wood (Chapter 7). 

Until recently, this PRG was used by Region 9 of the US EPA for Superfund sites in Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, US Pacific Islands, and Tribal Nations, Appendix E). As farmlands and orchards once treated with arsenical pesticides are being developed for residential use, occupants of these homes could be exposed to arsenic (Belluck et al., 2003). 

USEPA (2003c) Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) Cancellation of residential uses of CCA-treated wood. Washington, DC, United States Environmental Protection Agency (http //www.epa.gov/oppad001/reregistration/cca/residential use cancellation.htm). 

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