Research military

Many challenging industrial and military applications utilize polychlorotriduoroethylene [9002-83-9] (PCTFE) where, ia addition to thermal and chemical resistance, other unique properties are requited ia a thermoplastic polymer. Such has been the destiny of the polymer siace PCTFE was initially synthesized and disclosed ia 1937 (1). The synthesis and characterization of this high molecular weight thermoplastic were researched and utilized duting the Manhattan Project (2). The unique comhination of chemical iaertness, radiation resistance, low vapor permeabiUty, electrical iasulation properties, and thermal stabiUty of this polymer filled an urgent need for a thermoplastic material for use ia the gaseous UF diffusion process for the separation of uranium isotopes (see Diffusion separation methods). 

History. Methods for the fractionation of plasma were developed as a contribution to the U.S. war effort in the 1940s (2). Following pubHcation of a seminal treatise on the physical chemistry of proteins (3), a research group was estabUshed which was subsequendy commissioned to develop a blood volume expander for the treatment of military casualties. Process methods were developed for the preparation of a stable, physiologically acceptable solution of alburnin [103218-45-7] the principal osmotic protein in blood. Eady preparations, derived from equine and bovine plasma, caused allergic reactions when tested in humans and were replaced by products obtained from human plasma (4). Process studies were stiU being carried out in the pilot-plant laboratory at Harvard in December 1941 when the small supply of experimental product was mshed to Hawaii to treat casualties at the U.S. naval base at Pead Harbor. On January 5, 1942 the decision was made to embark on large-scale manufacture at a number of U.S. pharmaceutical plants (4,5). 

Explosives. Mercury, in the form of organic complexes, eg, mercury fulminate [628-86-4] has had long usage in explosives (see Explosives and propellants). In the United States all mercury for use in explosives is diverted to military uses. An explosive based on mercuric 5-nitrotetra2ole [60345-95-1] has been developed, but its use is on a small scale and in research and development only (3). 

H. Batrick and co-workers. Final Report—The Production and Refining of Crude Shale Oil into Military Fuels, AppHed Systems Corp. for Office of Naval Research, Washington, D.C., Aug. 1975. 

Investigations in the field of shoek eompression of solid materials were originally performed for military purposes. Speeimens sueh as armor were subjected to either projectile impact or explosive detonation, and the severity and character of the resulting damage constituted the experimental data (see, e.g., Helie, 1840). Investigations of this type continue today, and although they certainly have their place, they are now considered more as engineering experiments than scientific research, inasmuch as they do little to illuminate the basic physics and material properties which determine the results of shock-compression events. 

The bulk of plastics materials are required to operate within the range of -30 to + 100°C. There has, however, been a steadily increasing demand for materials to operate outside of these ranges, particularly in certain aerospace, military and telecommunications applications. A considerable amount of research work has been carried out in response to this demand and many thousands of polymers, both organic and inorganic, have been prepared. Many of those which have achieved commercial use have been considered in earlier chapters but in the final part of this chapter it is intended to review the overall situation. 

Baker, A.A., Bonded Composite Repair of Metallic Aircraft Components — Overview of Australian Activities, AGARD (Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development) Conference of Composite Repair of Military Aircraft Structures, 3-5 October 1994, Seville. 

Research, development and entrepreneurial activities are peiwasive, fueled by ever-growing demands for lighter, smaller and more powerful batteries with even more reliability and extended shelf life for industrial, automotive, military, business, medical, and home uses. Mobile communications, coiuput-... 

The son of a tailor, Joseph Fourier was a member of a large family. Both of his parents died by the time he was nine. His education began at a local, church-run, military school, where he quickly showed talent in his studies and especially in mathematics. His school persuaded him to tram as a priest. While preparing to take holy orders he taught his fellow novices mathematics. Fourier may well have entered the priesthood, but due to the French Revolution new priests were banned from taking holy orders. Instead he returned to his home town of Auxerre and taught at the militaiy school. His friend and mathematics teacher, Bonard, encouraged him to develop his mathematical research, and at the end of 1789 Fourier travelled to Paris to report on this research to the Academic des Sciences. 

Freedom. It proposed Soviet cooperation with the West, which the Soviets flatly rejected. The manuscript circulated in several typewritten copies known as samizdat ( self-print in Russian) and was widely read outside the USSR. Sakharov was summarily banned from military-related research. 

Subsidies represent an often hidden financial benefit that is given to particular energy sources by government institutions in the form of tax credits, research and development (R rD) funding, limits on liability for certain kinds of accidents, military spending to protect Middle East oil supply lines, below-market leasing fees for use of public lands, and other... 

This chapter consists of a series of mostly self-contained sections discussing several generalized CA models reversible CA, coupled-map lattices, quantum CA, reaction-diffusion models, immunologically motivated CA models, random Boolean networks, sandpile models (in the context of self-organized criticality), and structurally dynamic CA (in which the temporal evolution of the value of individual sites of a lattice are dynamically linked to an evolving lattice structure), and simple CA models of combat (that are increasingly finding their way into the military operations research community). 

What finally saw the book through to its conclusion I confess to not having a solid answer. However, I am fairly certain that, had it not been for a serendipitous intervention of Jungian synchronicity, the book would never have been completed. In my professional capacity as a research analyst for the US Navy (working for a think tank that also does work for the Marine Corps), I had the distinct privilege and honor of getting to know a truly visionary military thinker Lt.Gen (Ret) Paul van Riper. 

The bulk of such research expenditure is done by the materials producers themselves and the rest by the additive and equipment industries who do more than the processors and fabricators whose share is very small. Important to plastic growth have been government projects in basic research and new applications, particularly the military. Their work in turn expands into the industrial industry. 

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